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 The threat landscape is a design factor that describes the types and levels of threats that an enterprise faces from internal and external sources that could compromise its information and technology assets. The threat landscape helps to determine the level of security and resilience that an enterprise needs to protect its information and technology assets from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification, destruction, or disruption. When tailoring a governance system for an enterprise, one of the most important factors to consider for an operating environment with a high compliance requirement is the threat landscape. The compliance requirement is another design factor that describes the extent and nature of laws, regulations, standards, guidelines, contracts, or agreements that an enterprise must comply with regarding its information and technology activities. The compliance requirement influences the level of control and assurance that an enterprise needs to demonstrate its adherence to the applicable rules and obligations. By considering the threat landscape in relation to the compliance requirement, an enterprise can ensure that its governance system is appropriate for its risk profile and context, and that it can effectively manage the potential impacts of threats on its compliance status34 References: 3: COBIT 2019 Design Guide: page 41-43 4: COBIT 2019 Design Guide: page 47-48

The primary purpose of reexamining the IT strategic plan after IT governance has been operating for three years and is satisfactorily achieving desired outcomes is to assess improvement opportunities. The IT strategic plan is a document that defines the vision, mission, goals, objectives, strategies, and tactics for IT governance and management, as well as the alignment with the enterprise’s business strategy. By reexamining the plan periodically, the enterprise can identify any changes in the internal or external environment that may affect IT governance, as well as any areas for enhancement or optimization. The purpose is based on the COBIT 2019 Implementation Guide3, page 26. References: 3: COBIT 2019 Implementation Guide | Digital | English

The responsibility for overseeing EGIT structures lies with the board, according to COBIT 2019. The board ensures that the enterprise’s IT governance aligns with strategic objectives, monitors compliance, and oversees risk management. This aligns with the Evaluate, Direct, and Monitor (EDM) domain, which assigns the board the role of setting direction, making high-level decisions, and assessing IT governance effectiveness to align with overall enterprise strategy​.

 Within the COBIT organizational structures component, the Accountable (A) role is solely liable for the success and achievement of assigned tasks. This role has the authority to approve or veto any decision or activity related to the tasks, and is responsible for ensuring that the Responsible ® role has adequate resources and skills to perform the tasks2, p. 34. References: 2: COBIT 2019 Framework: Introduction and Methodology

The CIO and the program steering committee are responsible for performing a stakeholder satisfaction survey and gathering feedback on lessons learned from the implementation of an EGIT program plan. According to the COBIT 2019 Implementation Guide, the CIO is the executive sponsor of the EGIT program, who provides strategic direction, leadership, and oversight for the program. The program steering committee is a group of senior stakeholders who support the CIO in governing and monitoring the program. One of their responsibilities is to conduct regular reviews of the program performance and outcomes, including stakeholder satisfaction and lessons learned. These reviews help to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the EGIT program plan and identify areas for improvement. References: : COBIT 2019 Implementation Guide: Implementing and Optimizing an Information and Technology Governance Solution, page 23 1 : COBIT 2019 Implementation Guide: Implementing and Optimizing an Information and Technology Governance Solution, page 45 1

The planning for a new governance framework requires defining the inputs that will guide the design and implementation of the framework. One of the most important inputs is the enterprise goals, which are the high-level statements of what the enterprise wants to achieve in terms of its mission, vision, values, and strategy. The enterprise goals provide the direction and purpose for the governance framework, and help to align the governance objectives, enablers, principles, and practices with the enterprise’s needs and expectations. The enterprise goals also help to identify the relevant stakeholders, their roles and responsibilities, and their requirements and expectations from the governance framework34 References: 3: COBIT 2019 Framework: Introduction and Methodology, page 25-26 4: COBIT 2019 Design Guide, page 23-24

The performance measurements are the indicators that measure the progress and outcomes of the EGIT implementation program plan against the predefined success criteria such as key performance indicators (KPIs), key goal indicators (KGIs), key risk indicators (KRIs), etc. The performance measurements help to evaluate the effectiveness, efficiency, and value of the EGIT implementation program plan, as well as to identify and address any issues, risks, or gaps that may arise during the execution of the program. The projects that should be included when reporting on performance measurements related to an EGIT implementation program plan are all projects deemed appropriate by IT management. IT management is the function that is responsible for planning, organizing, directing, controlling, and monitoring the information and technology activities in an enterprise. IT management is also responsible for selecting, prioritizing, balancing, monitoring, evaluating, and optimizing information and technology investments and initiatives that support business strategy and objectives. IT management has the authority and discretion to decide which projects are relevant and important for reporting on performance measurements related to an EGIT implementation program plan, based on factors such as project scope, size, complexity, duration, cost, risk, interdependencies, alignment, value, etc. By including all projects deemed appropriate by IT management when reporting on performance measurements related to an EGIT implementation program plan, the enterprise can ensure that the report covers the most significant and critical aspects of the program, and that it provides a comprehensive and accurate picture of the program status and performance12 References: 1: COBIT 2019 Implementation Guide: page 51-52 2: COBIT 2019 Framework: Governance and Management Objectives: page 20-21

The primary role of business leadership when defining the future state in a business case is to assess proposed solutions against goals. The business case is a document that defines the objectives, benefits, costs, risks, and success factors of IT governance implementation, and proposes one or more solutions that can deliver the desired outcomes. Business leadership is responsible for evaluating the feasibility, viability, and desirability of each solution, as well as ensuring alignment with the enterprise’s strategic direction and stakeholder expectations. The role is based on the COBIT 2019 Implementation Guide4, page 31. References: 4: COBIT 2019 Implementation Guide | Digital | English

The process activities component of governance and management objectives includes the expected capability level. A process activity is a specific task or action that contributes to achieving a process outcome or objective. A capability level is a measure of how well a process or activity is performed in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, completeness, reliability, etc. A capability level can range from 0 (incomplete) to 5 (optimizing). Each governance and management objective in COBIT defines a set of process activities that are required to achieve it, as well as an expected capability level for each activity.12 References: COBIT 2019 Framework: Introduction and Methodology, COBIT 2019 Framework: Governance and Management Objectives

The principle that the governance framework should allow for flexibility in addressing new issues is an important principle of a proper governance framework. A governance framework is a conceptual model or structure that defines the key elements, relationships, and principles of a governance system. A proper governance framework should follow certain principles or guidelines that ensure its effectiveness, efficiency, and alignment with the enterprise goals and objectives. The principle that the governance framework should allow for flexibility in addressing new issues is an important principle of a proper governance framework because it helps to ensure that the governance system can adapt to changes in the internal or external environment, stakeholder needs, business objectives, etc.13 References: COBIT 2019 Framework: Introduction and Methodology, COBIT 2019 Design Guide: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution