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The main reason why all users must be positively identified prior to using multi-user computers is to ensure that unauthorized persons cannot access the computers. Positive identification is the process of verifying the identity of a user or a device before granting access to a system or a resource2. Positive identification can be achieved by using one or more factors of authentication, such as something the user knows, has, or is. Positive identification can enhance the security and accountability of the system, and prevent unauthorized or malicious access. Providing access to system privileges, providing access to the operating system, and ensuring that management knows what users are currently logged on are not the primary reasons why all users must be positively identified prior to using multi-user computers, as they are more related to the functionality or administration of the system, rather than the security. References: 2: CISSP For Dummies, 7th Edition, Chapter 4, page 89.

 Data tokenization is a method of protecting PII by replacing the sensitive data element with a non-sensitive equivalent, called a token, that has no extrinsic or exploitable meaning or value1. The token is then mapped back to the original data element in a secure database. This way, the PII is not exposed in the data processing or storage, and only authorized parties can access the original data element. Data tokenization is different from encryption, which transforms the data element into a ciphertext that can be decrypted with a key. Data tokenization does not require a key, and the token cannot be reversed to reveal the original data element2. References: 1: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 5, page 2812: CISSP For Dummies, 7th Edition, Chapter 10, page 289.

Testing is a vital part of the Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) process, as it validates the effectiveness and feasibility of the plan, identifies gaps and weaknesses, and provides opportunities for improvement and training. Testing should continue even if components of the test fail, as this will help to evaluate the impact of the failure, the root cause of the problem, and the possible solutions or alternatives34. References: 3: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 10, page 10354: CISSP For Dummies, 7th Edition, Chapter 10, page 351.

 The Transport layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model implementation adds information concerning the logical connection between the sender and receiver. The Transport layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating the end-to-end communication between two hosts, as well as ensuring the reliability, integrity, and flow control of the data. The Transport layer uses protocols such as TCP and UDP to provide connection-oriented or connectionless services, and adds headers that contain information such as source and destination ports, sequence and acknowledgment numbers, and checksums . References: : CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 5, page 499. : CISSP For Dummies, 7th Edition, Chapter 5, page 145.

 The primary concern when designing and coordinating a security assessment for an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) system is the availability of the network connection. An ATM system relies on a network connection to communicate with the bank’s servers and process the transactions of the customers. If the network connection is disrupted, degraded, or compromised, the ATM system may not be able to function properly, or may expose the customers’ data or money to unauthorized access or theft. Therefore, a security assessment for an ATM system should focus on ensuring that the network connection is reliable, resilient, and secure, and that there are backup or alternative solutions in case of network failure12. References: 1: ATM Security: Best Practices for Automated Teller Machines32: ATM Security: A Comprehensive Guide4

A heterogeneous end-point network is a network that consists of different types of devices, such as computers, tablets, smartphones, printers, etc., that connect to the network and communicate with each other. Each device, or host, may have different operating systems, applications, configurations, and security requirements. When implementing controls in a heterogeneous end-point network, it is critical that common software security components be implemented across all hosts. Common software security components are software programs or features that provide security functions, such as antivirus, firewall, encryption, authentication, etc. Implementing common software security components across all hosts ensures that the hosts have a consistent and minimum level of security protection, and that the hosts can interoperate securely with each other and with the network. Implementing common software security components across all hosts does not mean that the hosts have to be identical or have the same security settings. The hosts can still have different hardware, software, and security configurations, as long as they meet the security requirements and standards of the organization and the network. Implementing common software security components across all hosts is not the same as ensuring that hosts are able to establish network communications, allowing users to make modifications to their security software configurations, or making firewalls running on each host fully customizable by the user. These are other aspects of security management that may or may not be relevant or desirable for a heterogeneous end-point network, depending on the organization’s policies and objectives.

 Creating a virus creation tool that can generate thousands of polymorphic viruses is not ethical, even if the intention is to use it in a controlled environment to test the company’s next generation virus scanning software. Such a tool could be leaked on the Internet, either intentionally or accidentally, and fall into the hands of malicious actors who could use it to create and spread harmful viruses that could compromise the security and privacy of millions of users and systems. The engineer should follow the code of ethics and professional conduct of the ISC2, which states that members and certificate holders shall protect society, the common good, necessary public trust and confidence, and the infrastructure . References: : CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 1, page 18. : CISSP For Dummies, 7th Edition, Chapter 1, page 11.

Including a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) in the design of a computer system is an example of a technique to establish a secure initial state. A TPM is a hardware device that provides cryptographic functions and secure storage for keys, certificates, passwords, and other sensitive data. A TPM can also measure and verify the integrity of the system components, such as the BIOS, boot loader, operating system, and applications, before they are executed. This process is known as trusted boot or measured boot, and it ensures that the system is in a known and trusted state before allowing access to the user or network. A TPM can also enable features such as disk encryption, remote attestation, and platform authentication12. References: 1: What is a Trusted Platform Module (TPM)?32: Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Fundamentals4

Header analysis is an example of an anti-spam approach that checks the routing information on e-mail to determine if it is in a valid format and contains valid information. The routing information, or the header, is the part of the e-mail that contains the sender, the recipient, the subject, the date, and the path of the e-mail. Header analysis can detect spam by looking for inconsistencies, anomalies, or falsifications in the header, such as mismatched domains, spoofed addresses, forged timestamps, or invalid characters34. References: 3: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 6, page 6744: CISSP For Dummies, 7th Edition, Chapter 6, page 205.

A functional drill is a type of disaster recovery and business continuity training that involves a specific test by response teams of individual emergency response functions, such as fire suppression, medical assistance, or data backup. A functional drill is designed to evaluate the performance, coordination, and effectiveness of the response teams and the emergency procedures. A functional drill is not the same as a full-scale simulation, a functional evacuation, or an activation of the backup site. A full-scale simulation is a type of disaster recovery and business continuity training that involves a realistic and comprehensive scenario of an emergency and the subsequent response functions, involving all the stakeholders, resources, and equipment. A functional evacuation is a type of disaster recovery and business continuity training that involves the orderly and safe movement of personnel from a threatened or affected area to a safe location. An activation of the backup site is a type of disaster recovery and business continuity action that involves the switching of operations from the primary site to the secondary site in the event of a disaster or disruption. 

A system’s criticality classification is important in large organizations because it provides for proper prioritization and scheduling of security and maintenance tasks. A system’s criticality classification is the level of importance or impact that a system has on the organization’s mission, objectives, operations, or functions. A system’s criticality classification may depend on factors such as the system’s availability, integrity, confidentiality, functionality, performance, or reliability. A system’s criticality classification helps the organization to allocate resources, implement controls, perform audits, apply patches, conduct backups, and respond to incidents according to the system’s priority and risk. A system’s criticality classification does not necessarily reduce critical system support workload or the time required to apply patches, as these may depend on other factors such as the system’s complexity, configuration, or vulnerability. A system’s criticality classification may allow for clear systems status communications to executive management, but this is not the primary reason for its importance. A system’s criticality classification may provide for easier determination of ownership, but this is not the main benefit of its importance. 

 Internet Key Exchange (IKE) is a protocol that defines the key exchange for Internet Protocol Security (IPSec). IPSec is a suite of protocols that provides security for IP-based communications, such as encryption, authentication, and integrity. IKE establishes a secure channel between two parties, negotiates the security parameters, and generates the cryptographic keys for IPSec . References: : CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 5, page 541. : CISSP For Dummies, 7th Edition, Chapter 5, page 157.

The first step to take when designing a networked Information System (IS) where there will be several different types of individual access is to create a user access matrix. A user access matrix is a table that defines the access rights and permissions of each user or user group to each resource or function in the system. A user access matrix helps to ensure that all access control requirements are addressed, such as the principle of least privilege, the principle of separation of duties, and the principle of need to know. A user access matrix also helps to simplify and standardize the implementation and administration of access control policies and mechanisms910. References: 9: Access Control Matrix1110: Access Control Models and Methods12

 A sandbox is a security mechanism that isolates a potentially malicious code or application from the rest of the system, preventing it from accessing or modifying any sensitive data or resources1. A sandbox can be implemented at the operating system, application, or network level, and can provide a safe environment for testing, debugging, or executing untrusted code. A sandbox is the most effective countermeasure to a malicious code attack against a mobile system, as it can prevent the code from spreading, stealing, or destroying any information on the device. Change control, memory management, and PKI are not directly related to preventing or mitigating malicious code attacks on mobile systems. References: 1: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 8, page 507.

The most effective layer of security the organization could have implemented to mitigate the attacker’s ability to gain further information is to implement logical network segmentation at the switches. Logical network segmentation is the process of dividing a network into smaller subnetworks or segments based on criteria such as function, role, or access level. This way, the organization can isolate the traffic and data of different segments, and limit the exposure and impact of an attack. If the attacker has installed a sniffer onto an inside computer, logical network segmentation can prevent the sniffer from capturing the traffic and data of other segments, thus reducing the information leakage. The other options are not as effective as logical network segmentation, as they either do not prevent the sniffer from capturing the traffic and data (A and B), or do not detect or stop the attack ©. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 4, page 163; Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference, Fifth Edition, Chapter 4, page 173.