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The business impact analysis (BIA) is a critical component of an organization's business continuity planning (BCP) process. The most concerning issue is when system criticality information is provided only by the IT manager (Option B). This presents a risk of bias or incomplete analysis, as business units must also provide input to ensure a comprehensive assessment.

ISACA CISA Reference: According to ISACA’s BCP and DRP guidelines, BIA should involve input from multiple business functions, including finance, operations, and risk management, rather than relying solely on IT.

Risk Implication: Without broader business input, the criticality of systems may be misclassified, leading to incorrect recovery priorities and potential business disruption.

Alternative Choices:

Option A: While a risk assessment is important, a BIA can still be completed without it and later validated.

Option C: The use of questionnaires is a valid method if responses are verified.

Option D: Lack of executive sign-off is concerning but does not directly impact the accuracy of system criticality assessment.

Threat modeling is an approach that enables IS auditors to identify, analyze, and mitigate potential security vulnerabilities within an application by understanding the threats, attacks, vulnerabilities, and countermeasures. This proactive technique helps in designing secure applications.

References

ISACA CISA Review Manual 27th Edition, Page 276-277 (Threat Modeling)

The effectiveness of an organization’s security awareness program can be measured by capturing data on changes in the way people react to threats, such as the ability to recognize and avoid social engineering attacks1. An increase in the number of phishing emails reported by employees indicates that they are more aware of the signs and risks of phishing, and are more likely to take appropriate actions to prevent or mitigate the impact of such attacks23.

References

1: The Importance Of Measuring Security Awareness 2: Measuring the effectiveness of your security awareness program 3: How effective is security awareness training?

The effectiveness of an organization’s security awareness program can be measured by capturing data on changes in the way people react to threats, such as the ability to recognize and avoid social engineering attacks1. An increase in the number of phishing emails reported by employees indicates that they are more aware of the signs and risks of phishing, and are more likely to take appropriate actions to prevent or mitigate the impact of such attacks23.

References

1: The Importance Of Measuring Security Awareness 2: Measuring the effectiveness of your security awareness program 3: How effective is security awareness training?

After migrating infrastructure to the cloud, it's imperative to test the disaster recovery plan (DRP) to ensure its effectiveness in the new environment. Without evidence of DRP testing post-migration, the organization cannot be certain that it can recover and continue operations during a disaster. While updating the DRP and configuring redundancy are essential steps, their effectiveness can only be validated through rigorous testing. Retaining previous infrastructure is less relevant if the cloud environment is properly configured and tested for disaster recovery.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

A strongQA functionrequires anindependentreview of changes toavoid biasandensure objectivity.

Option A (Correct):Ifdevelopers review their own changes, there is ahigh risk of biasand overlooking issues, making this the greatest concern. This violatesseparation of dutiesandbest practices for quality assurance.

Option B (Incorrect):Peer reviews within the same teamreduce risksincefresh eyesreview the changes, though it is not as strong as an external review.

Option C (Incorrect):Havingdevelopers from a separate teamreview the code providesbetter objectivityand reduces risks associated withself-review.

Option D (Incorrect):Whilenon-developers may lack technical expertise, their review ensuresindependence, making it a stronger control than self-review.

An outsourced accounting application has the most inherent risk and should be prioritized during audit planning because it involves external parties, sensitive data, and complex transactions that are susceptible to material misstatement, error, or fraud12. An outsourced accounting application also requires more oversight and monitoring from the internal audit department to ensure compliance with the service level agreement and the organization’s policies and standards3.

References

1: Inherent Risk: Definition, Examples, and 3 Types of Audit Risks 2: 3 Types of Audit Risk - Inherent, Control and Detection - Accountinguide 3: IS Audit Basics: The Core of IT Auditing

A Disaster Recovery as a Service (DRaaS) provider is responsible for system recovery procedures, including restoring systems and services in a disaster scenario. This is the core functionality of DRaaS.

Stakeholder Communications (Option B):This is typically managed internally by the organization to ensure alignment with its crisis management plan.

Validation of Recovered Data (Option C):The organization must verify data integrity to meet business requirements.

Maintaining Currency of Data (Option D):While DRaaS may handle data backups, the organization retains responsibility for ensuring the relevance of the data being backed up.