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 Layered Security Approach:

Secondary authentication adds another layer of security, contributing to the Defense in Depth strategy.

Enumerating costs ensures the layered approach is cost-effective and aligns with organizational budgets.

 Why This is Correct:

Secondary authentication strengthens access controls, a critical aspect of Defense in Depth.

 Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Nonlinearities in metrics: Irrelevant to authentication processes.

C. System hardening: Focuses on system configurations, not authentication.

D. Anti-virus for mobile devices: Unrelated to authentication processes.

 References:

EC-Council highlights Defense in Depth strategies as essential for layered protection mechanisms like secondary authentication.

 Industry-Specific Concerns:

A global health insurance company handles sensitive patient data, making compliance with patient data protection laws (e.g., HIPAA in the U.S., GDPR in Europe) its primary concern.

 Regulatory Compliance Focus:

Different countries impose specific legal requirements to protect patient data. Failure to comply can lead to legal penalties and reputational harm.

 Supporting Reference:

CCISO training emphasizes the importance of adhering to applicable regulations for sensitive data in global operations to maintain compliance and trust.

 ISO 27001 Core Cycle:

Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) is the cornerstone methodology in ISO 27001 for continual improvement of the Information Security Management System (ISMS).

 Why This is Correct:

Ensures systematic planning, implementation, monitoring, and refinement of security processes.

Promotes a structured approach to maintaining and improving information security.

 Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Plan-Check-Do-Act: Incorrect sequence.

C. Plan-Select-Implement-Evaluate: Not a recognized ISO process.

D. SCORE: A readiness evaluation tool, not an ISO process.

 References:

EC-Council emphasizes PDCA as integral to ISO 27001’s continuous improvement framework.

 Importance of Tabletop Exercises:

Tabletop exercises allow organizations to simulate potential disruptions and test the Business Continuity Plan (BCP) in a controlled environment. This helps identify weaknesses and refine the plan for real-world scenarios.

 Why Periodic Testing is Necessary:

Ensures the plan evolves with changes in business operations, risks, and threats.

Improves team coordination and readiness.

 Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Testing every three years: Too infrequent to remain effective.

C. Outsourcing to third-party vendors: May lack internal operational insights.

D. DR exercise every year: Focuses only on IT systems, not the broader business continuity.

 References:

EC-Council underscores the value of periodic testing, especially through tabletop exercises, to maintain a robust BCP.

 Primary Concerns in Assessing Internal Control Objectives:

Management evaluates whether controls ensure compliance with regulations, effectively mitigate risks, and operate efficiently.

 Strategic Focus:

These concerns help balance regulatory requirements, organizational objectives, and resource constraints.

 Supporting Reference:

CCISO highlights compliance, effectiveness, and efficiency as fundamental aspects of evaluating internal control objectives.

 COBIT Overview:

COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology) provides a comprehensive framework for managing and governing IT. It focuses on aligning IT operations with organizational goals, streamlining audit readiness, and supporting regulatory compliance.

 Auditing and Compliance Burden:

COBIT includes control objectives and guidelines that map directly to compliance requirements (e.g., SOX, GDPR). EC-Council CISO highlights the importance of frameworks like COBIT in reducing compliance complexity and ensuring consistent implementation of controls.

 Why COBIT Is the Best Choice:

It ensures alignment between IT objectives and business goals.

Facilitates efficient internal and external audits by standardizing processes.

Reduces redundant work by integrating compliance and operational controls.

 Alignment with EC-Council CISO Principles:

This option aligns with the EC-Council CISO’s focus on efficiency and risk-based compliance management.

 Understanding Discretionary Elements:

Guidelines provide recommendations rather than mandatory actions. They are flexible and can be adapted based on specific circumstances.

Unlike policies, procedures, or standards, guidelines are not enforceable but are intended to support compliance with best practices.

 Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Policies: These are mandatory and must be adhered to.

B. Procedures: Step-by-step instructions that must be followed.

D. Standards: Define mandatory technical or procedural specifications.

 References:

EC-Council recognizes guidelines as discretionary tools used to aid policy and procedure adherence without strict enforcement.

 Purpose of Compliance Testing:

Compliance tests ensure that processes, controls, and procedures comply with organizational policies or regulatory requirements.

 Why This is Correct:

Testing the source and object code versions verifies compliance with program library controls to ensure integrity.

 Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Substantive test: Focuses on data accuracy, not compliance.

C and D: Focus on compiler controls, not library controls.

 References:

EC-Council emphasizes the role of compliance tests in verifying adherence to security and operational policies in program libraries.

 Importance of Cost-Risk Analysis

The EC-Council CISO framework emphasizes the principle of risk-based decision-making in all cybersecurity processes, including audit remediation. Addressing audit findings requires organizations to evaluate the potential risks associated with each finding and prioritize remediation efforts based on their cost-effectiveness​​​.

Ensuring that the cost of remediation is proportional to the risk mitigated avoids unnecessary expenditures while addressing critical vulnerabilities.

 Comparison with Other Options

A. To remediate half of the findings before the next audit:This approach lacks a strategic foundation. Arbitrarily remediating half of the findings does not align with a risk-based strategy, leading to potential neglect of high-priority issues.

B. To remediate all of the findings before the next audit:While remediating all findings is ideal, it is often impractical due to resource constraints. A prioritized, risk-based approach ensures critical vulnerabilities are addressed first, maximizing the impact of remediation efforts.

D. To validate the remediation process with the auditor:Although validation with the auditor is a good practice, it is a secondary step. The primary focus must be on ensuring that remediation efforts align with risk mitigation objectives and resource efficiency.

 EC-Council CISO Guidance on Audit Remediation Plans

The framework highlights these critical steps:

Risk Assessment: Analyze the severity and potential impact of findings.

Cost-Benefit Analysis: Determine if the remediation cost is justified by the reduction in risk exposure.

Prioritization: Address high-risk findings first, ensuring critical vulnerabilities are mitigated promptly.

Alignment with Organizational Goals: Ensure remediation efforts support broader business and security objectives.

 Balancing Compliance and Practicality

An effective audit remediation plan balances compliance requirements with practical considerations. Overcommitting resources to less impactful findings can divert attention from critical risks.

Validating the cost-risk ratio ensures that resources are utilized effectively, enabling sustainable compliance and operational resilience​​​.

 Conclusion

The most important criterion when developing an audit remediation plan is to validate that the cost of the remediation is less than the risk of the finding. This approach ensures that the organization prioritizes its efforts effectively, aligns with risk management principles, and maximizes resource utilization.

 Layered Security (Defense in Depth):

Adding a secondary authentication process strengthens security by creating multiple layers of defense, reducing the risk of unauthorized access.

 Why This is Correct:

Layered security ensures that if one control fails, additional measures are in place to mitigate the risk.

 Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Administrator with too much time: Not a relevant observation.

B. Undue time commitment: Secondary authentication supports security, not unnecessary work.

D. Network segmentation: Refers to isolating parts of a network, unrelated to authentication layers.

 References:

EC-Council emphasizes the importance of layered security to address multifaceted threats and enhance defense mechanisms.