The Management’s Fraud-Related Responsibilities chapter defines monitoring as the process that assesses the effectiveness of a control system over time. The manual states that this component should include both ongoing evaluations and periodic separate evaluations, and that the findings should be measured against predefined criteria. This wording matches the question almost exactly. Monitoring also includes timely evaluation and communication of internal control deficiencies to the appropriate parties for corrective action. Because Julia is establishing a process for continuous and separate reviews of control effectiveness over time, her initiative falls squarely within the monitoring component of COSO’s Internal Control—Integrated Framework. None of the other components focus on the continuing evaluation of whether controls remain present and functioning over time in this way.