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Cloud Armour is applied at load balancers Configuring Google Cloud Armor through Ingress. https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/how-to/ingress-features Security policy features Google Cloud Armor security policies have the following core features: You can optionally use the QUIC protocol with load balancers that use Google Cloud Armor. You can use Google Cloud Armor with external HTTP(S) load balancers that are in either Premium Tier or Standard Tier. You can use security policies with GKE and the default Ingress controller.

Explanation: Enabling VPC Flow Logs with sample_rate = 1.0 on the VM’s subnet will give detailed information about network traffic flowing to and from your VM. You can then query this data in Logs Explorer to check whether packets are leaving the VM and reaching the intended destination. This is a recommended practice for troubleshooting such network issues.

Create Packet Mirroring Policies:

You need to create three packet mirroring policies, one for each zone (us-west2-a, us-west2-b, and us-west2-c). This ensures that each zone's traffic is mirrored appropriately without unnecessary cross-zone traffic.

Create Collector Instances:

Set up one group of collector instances for the us-west2 region. Having a single group of collector instances for the entire region minimizes the number of instances required and simplifies the management while keeping egress costs low since the collectors are within the same region.

Configuration of Policies:

Each packet mirroring policy should be configured to match traffic for its specific zone. Use instance-tags to identify and match the relevant instances within each zone. This helps in correctly capturing the traffic from the appropriate sources.

Filter for TCP Traffic:

Create a filter for TCP traffic (ports 80 and 443). This step ensures that only the relevant web application traffic is mirrored, reducing the amount of data processed and improving efficiency.

Cost Efficiency:

By having packet mirroring policies specific to each zone and a regional collector group, you reduce inter-zonal network egress costs. The data remains within the same region, avoiding extra charges associated with cross-zone traffic.

Using a Shared VPC enables centralized network management and efficient resource access by service projects. This scalable setup supports isolated environments for each team while allowing the network team to manage network policies and resources in a host project.

Explanation: To troubleshoot the intermittent non-HTTP 200 responses, you should enable and review health check logs and log the backend service's responses in Cloud Logging. Reviewing the statusDetails field helps identify the cause of the error. Enabling logging on the load balancer and backend service provides visibility into the issue.

For GKE pods that need to egress directly to the internet for most of their communications, the most cost-efficient and straightforward approach is to deploy a GKE cluster with public cluster nodes. Public nodes have external IP addresses, allowing pods to directly reach the internet. This eliminates the need for additional services like Cloud NAT or Secure Web Proxy for outbound internet access, which would incur extra costs and management overhead.

Exact Extract:

"Public clusters have nodes with external IP addresses, allowing them to directly initiate connections to the internet. This is the simplest configuration for clusters that require direct internet egress for their workloads."

"When using public clusters, Cloud NAT is not required for outbound internet connectivity from the nodes or pods, as they can use their external IP addresses. This can reduce operational overhead and cost compared to private clusters that need NAT."Reference: Google Kubernetes Engine Documentation - Cluster network configuration, Public clusters vs Private clusters

Explanation: The correct approach is to create an HA VPN gateway and associate it with the encrypted VLAN attachments. The same Cloud Router used for BGP sessions with Cloud Interconnect can be used for the HA VPN. This configuration ensures encryption of the traffic passing over the Cloud Interconnect links.

The correct answer is D because it meets the following requirements:

Each internal project has its own Google Cloud project, which can be easily created and deleted by Terraform using the google_project resource1.

Each internal project has its own Google Cloud project owner, which can be assigned by Terraform using the google_project_iam_member resource1.

The deployment is simple and the code is reusable with centralized management, because the Shared VPC allows you to connect multiple service projects to a single host project that contains the network resources2. This way, you can use Terraform modules to create and manage the network resources in the host project, and then reference them in the service projects3.

Option A is incorrect because it does not create separate Google Cloud projects for each internal project, which makes it harder to delete the infrastructure and assign project owners. Option B is incorrect because it does not create separate Google Cloud projects for each internal project, and also because it attaches the service projects to a Shared VPC, which is not recommended for short-lived projects2. Option C is incorrect because it does not use a Shared VPC, which means that each internal project has to create and manage its own network resources, which increases complexity and reduces reusability.