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Ptunnel and Itunnel are the tools that are used to perform ICMP tunneling. In ICMP tunneling, an attacker establishes a covert connection between two remote computers (a client and proxy), using ICMP echo requests and reply packets. ICMP tunneling works by injecting arbitrary data into an echo packet sent to a remote computer. The remote computer replies in the same manner, injecting an answer into another ICMP packet and sending it back. The client performs all communication using ICMP echo request packets, while the proxy uses echo reply packets. Normally, ICMP tunneling involves sending what appear to be ICMP commands but really they are the Trojan communications. Answer: C is incorrect. WinTunnel is used to perform TCP tunneling. Answer: D is incorrect. Ethereal is a network sniffer.

SQL buffer stores the most recently used SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks. It does not store the SQL* Plus commands. The SQL buffer can be edited or saved to a file. A SQL command or a PL/SQL block can be executed by entering a semicolon (;) or a slash (/), or by using the RUN command at the command prompt. When a semicolon (;) is entered at the end of a command, the command is completed and executed. When a slash (/) is entered on a new line, the command in the buffer is executed. It can also be used to execute a PL/SQL block. The RUN command is used to execute a command in the buffer. A SQL command can be saved in the buffer by entering a blank line. Reference: Oracle8i Online Documentation, Contents: "SQL*PLUS Users Guide and Reference", "Learning SQL*PLUS Basics, 3 of 4"

The two most common Web Application TCP ports are Port 443 and Port 80. HTTPS or SSL uses TCP port 443, whereas HTTP uses TCP Port 80. Answer: B is incorrect. Port 80 is used for HTTP, not HTTPS. Answer: A is incorrect. S-HTTP is not the protocol name for Port 443. HTTPS or SSL is the name used for Port 443 traffic.

In Unix, the ls command is used to view the directories in alphabetical order. Answer: A is incorrect. In Unix, the cat command in Unix is used to create or display short files. Answer: B is incorrect. In Unix, the chmod command is used to change permissions. Answer: C is incorrect. In Unix, the cp command is used for copying files.

The major advantage that a table-structured Web site has over a frame-structured Web site is that users can bookmark the pages of a table- structured Web site, whereas pages of a frame-structured Web site cannot be bookmarked or added to the Favorites folder. Non-frame Web sites also give better results with search engines. Better navigation: Web pages can be divided into multiple frames and each frame can display a separate Web page. It helps in providing better and consistent navigation. Easy maintenance: Fixed elements, such as a navigation link and company logo page, can be created once and used with all the other pages. Therefore, any change in these pages is required to be made only once.

The Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT) is a set of best practices (framework) for information technology (IT) management, which provides managers, auditors, and IT users with a set of generally accepted measures, indicators, processes and best practices to assist them in maximizing the benefits derived through the use of information technology and developing appropriate IT governance and control in a company. It has the following 11 processes: Developing a strategic plan. Articulating the information architecture. Finding an optimal stage between the IT and the organization's strategy. Designing the IT function to match the organization's needs. Maximizing the return of the IT investment. Communicating IT policies to the user's community. Managing the IT workforce. Obeying external regulations, laws, and contracts. Conducting IT risk assessments. Maintaining a high-quality systems-development process. Incorporating sound project-management techniques. Answer: B is incorrect. Correcting all risk issues does not come under auditing processes.

A Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) is a separate text file that keeps track of design and formatting information, such as colors, fonts, font sizes, and margins, used in Web pages. CSS is used to provide Web site authors greater control on the appearance and presentation of their Web pages. It has codes that are interpreteA, Dpplied by the browser on to the Web pages and their elements. CSS files have .css extension. There are three types of Cascading Style Sheets: External Style Sheet Embedded Style Sheet Inline Style Sheet

A repudiation attack is an attempt to give false information or to deny that a real event or transaction should have occurred. Answer: A is incorrect. In a distributed denial of service (DDOS) attack, an attacker uses multiple computers throughout the network that has been previously infected. Such computers act as zombies and work together to send out bogus messages, thereby increasing the amount of phony traffic. The major advantages to an attacker of using a distributed denial-of-service attack are that multiple machines can generate more attack traffic than one machine, multiple attack machines are harder to turn off than one attack machine, and that the behavior of each attack machine can be stealthier, making it harder to track down and shut down. TFN, TRIN00, etc. are tools used for a DDoS attack. Answer: C is incorrect. A replay attack is a type of attack in which attackers capture packets containing passwords or digital signatures whenever packets pass between two hosts on a network. In an attempt to obtain an authenticated connection, the attackers then resend the captured packet to the system. In this type of attack, the attacker does not know the actual password, but can simply replay the captured packet. Answer: D is incorrect. Dictionary attack is a type of password guessing attack. This type of attack uses a dictionary of common words to find out the password of a user. It can also use common words in either upper or lower case to find a password. There are many programs available on the Internet to automate and execute dictionary attacks.

WPA stands for Wi-Fi Protected Access. It is a wireless security standard. It provides better security than WEP (Wired Equivalent Protection). Windows Vista supports both WPA-PSK and WPA-EAP. Each of these is described as follows: WPA-PSK: PSK stands for Preshared key. This standard is meant for home environment. WPA-PSK requires a user to enter an 8- character to 63-character passphrase into a wireless client. The WPA converts the passphrase into a 256-bit key. WPA-EAP: EAP stands for Extensible Authentication Protocol. This standard relies on a back-end server that runs Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service for user authentication. Note: Windows Vista supports a user to use a smart card to connect to a WPA-EAP protected network. Shared-key WPA is vulnerable to password cracking attacks if a weak passphrase is used. To protect against a brute force attack, a truly random passphrase of 13 characters (selected from the set of 95 permitted characters) is probably sufficient.

The HttpSessionActivationListener interface notifies an attribute that the session is about to be activated or passivated. Methods of this interface are as follows: public void sessionDidActivate(HttpSessionEvent session): It notifies the attribute that the session has just been moved to a different JVM. public void sessionWillPassivate(HttpSessionEvent se): It notifies the attribute that the session is about to move to a different JVM. Answer: B, C are incorrect. These functions are performed by the HttpSessionBindingListener interface. The HttpSessionBindingListener interface causes an object of the implementing class to be notified when it is added to or removed from a session. The HttpSessionBindingListener interface has the following methods: public void valueBound(event): This method takes an object of type HttpSessionBindingEvent as an argument. It notifies the object when it is bound to a session. public void valueUnbound(HttpSessionBindingEvent event): This method takes an object of type HttpSessionBindingEvent as an argument. It notifies the object when it is unbound from a session.