The NAHQ CPHQ exam blueprint defines surveillance as the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data to identify trends, patterns, and outbreaks.
Option D is correct because identifying disease outbreaks using population-level and laboratory data exemplifies surveillance in action.
Option A is reporting, not surveillance. Option B is clinical assessment. Option C is program evaluation.
The CPHQ framework highlights surveillance as a proactive public health and patient safety function, making Option D the correct answer.
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