Matrix structures and dual reporting systems are best described as coordination mechanisms within the organizational hierarchy design.

Matrix Structures:These are designed to facilitate coordination across different parts of the organization. In a matrix structure, employees have multiple reporting lines, typically both to a functional manager and a project or product manager. This design helps in integrating diverse functions and ensuring collaboration across departments.

Dual Reporting Systems:These systems are another form of coordination mechanism where an employee reports to two different managers. This structure helps in balancing different priorities and objectives, ensuring that employees can meet the needs of various projects or functions simultaneously.

Coordination Mechanisms:Both matrix structures and dual reporting systems are essential for managing complex and interdependent activities within an organization. They help in aligning efforts, ensuring communication across different areas, and managing the flow of information.

References:

Galbraith, J.R. (1973). Designing Complex Organizations. Addison-Wesley.

Mintzberg, H. (1983). Structure in Fives: Designing Effective Organizations. Prentice-Hall.