ISA/IEC 62443 highlights that many IACS environments operate with long lifecycles and strict availability requirements, which often results in delayed or infrequent patching.
Step 1: Legacy systems and uptime constraints
IACS components may run for decades without replacement. Applying patches can introduce operational and safety risks, so updates are often postponed.
Step 2: Accumulated vulnerabilities
Unpatched systems accumulate known vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit using publicly available tools.
Step 3: Why other options are incorrect
IACS systems are no longer isolated. They do require patches, and they rarely run the latest updates.
Therefore, unpatched software is a major vulnerability factor.
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