Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (250–350 words)
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According to EC-Council CCISO documentation, the final step in the system authorization process is obtaining a formal Authority to Operate (ATO) from executive management or an authorizing official. CCISO materials align this process with NIST authorization models, emphasizing that authorization is a management decision, not a technical one.
Security scans, vulnerability remediation, and configuration hardening (Options C and D) occur before authorization. Connecting systems to an ISP (Option A) is operational and irrelevant to authorization. The authorization decision signifies that leadership accepts residual risk and formally approves system operation in the production environment.
CCISO stresses that without executive authorization, systems should not be placed into service, regardless of technical readiness. Therefore, Option B is correct.
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