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802.11a and 11n use six (6) “pilot” subcarriers as a reference for the receiver to detect frequency and phase shifts of the signal.

802.11a/g/n OFDM includes several combinations of modulation and coding to achieve data rates from 1-600 Mbps.

With 802.11a OFDM, 16-QAM provides either 48 or 54 Mbps data rates, depending upon coding rates.

802.11ac VHT-OFDM utilizes 256-QAM, which increases the data rate significantly over 64-QAM available in HT-OFDM.

In 802.11a OFDM, fifty-six (56) subcarriers are used as parallel symbol transmission paths to carry data.

During the association, the client and AP agree to use the same transmit rate, but either station can request a change at any time after the association.

The client and AP each choose the optimal data rate to use independently of one another, based on their own measurements related to the RF link.

The client and AP may use different transmit rates, but the AP determines the data rate that will be used by each client station in the BSS.

The client and AP may use different transmit rates, but the client determines the data rate that it will use and the data rate that the AP will use when communicating to the client.

The client and AP may use a different transmit rates, but the transmit rate is determined by the peer station, based on the peer’s experience of the RF link.

Channels 5 and 10

Channels 1 and 5

Channels 3 and 7

Channels 2 and 8

Channels 8 and 11

Channels 10 and 13

Wi-Fi enabled voice handsets with low transmit power can experience asynchronous downlink and uplink performance.

WLAN client stations can experience the hidden node problem when located near each other within the same cell.

The mismatched power between WLAN client stations and APs violates regulatory and IEEE signal quality requirements.

Cell size may be too large, causing co-channel interference to adjacent cells and reducing system capacity.

APs operating in the 2.4 GHz band would prevent microwave ovens and analog video cameras from functioning.

802.11j

802.11p

802.11r

802.11u

802.11w

802.11z

Distributed Radiation

Active Amplification

Beam Compression

Passive Gain

RF Flooding

14 channels are available worldwide.

11 channels are available worldwide.

Regulatory domains worldwide require DFS and TPC in all these channels.

DFS may be required in some regulatory domains on some channels.

802.11 channels are separated by 5 Mhz

HTTPS Captive Portal

WEP

WPA2-PSK

EAP-TLS

Shared Key

TKIP

Access points broadcast Beacons on all channels of each radio within the regulatory domain. Nearby client stations record information found in the Beacons for use in the association process.

Client stations broadcast Probe Request frames on all supported channels in the regulatory domain. Nearby access points respond with Probe Response frames. Client stations record information in the Probe Response frames for use in the association process.

Client stations broadcast Probe Request frames on the single channel for which they are programmed. Nearby access points respond on that channel with Probe Response frames. Client stations record information found in the Probe Response frames for use in the association process.

Access points broadcast Beacons on a single channel for which they are programmed. Nearby client stations listen for Beacon frames and record information found in the Beacons for use in the association process.

The access points are mounted too closely to one another.

Reflective objects in the area are causing significant multipath.

A client station is using active scanning to probe for access points on multiple channels.

The output power on the access points is too high.

A client station authenticates to both access points, but does not associate.

The access points are not synchronized to the same NTP server.