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Step-by-Step Explanation:

Understand the Problem:

The EC2 instance processes large data files and uses a 1 TB General Purpose SSD (gp2) EBS volume.

CloudWatch metrics show consistent high VolumeReadOps.

The requirement is to improve I/O performance while ensuring data integrity.

Analyze the Requirements:

Improve I/O performance.

Maintain data integrity.

Evaluate the Options:

Option A: Change the instance type to a large, burstable, general-purpose instance.

Burstable instances provide a baseline level of CPU performance with the ability to burst to a higher level when needed. However, this does not address the I/O performance directly.

Option B: Change the instance type to an extra-large general-purpose instance.

A larger instance type might improve performance, but it does not directly address the I/O performance of the EBS volume.

Option C: Increase the EBS volume to a 2 TB General Purpose SSD (gp2) volume.

Increasing the size of a General Purpose SSD (gp2) volume can increase its IOPS. The larger the volume, the higher the baseline performance in terms of IOPS.

Option D: Move the data that resides on the EBS volume to the instance store.

Instance store volumes provide high I/O performance but are ephemeral, meaning data will be lost if the instance is stopped or terminated. This does not ensure data integrity.

Select the Best Solution:

Option C: Increasing the EBS volume size to 2 TB will provide higher IOPS, improving I/O performance while maintaining data integrity.

Amazon EBS Volume Types

General Purpose SSD (gp2) Volumes

Increasing the size of the General Purpose SSD (gp2) volume is an effective way to improve I/O performance while ensuring data integrity remains intact.

To restrict EC2 resource deployment in a specific region and restrict root credentials usage:

Create Service Control Policies (SCPs):

Use AWS Organizations to create SCPs that restrict actions for all member accounts.

Create an SCP to deny the creation of EC2 instances in the ap-southeast-2 region.

Create an SCP to deny the use of root credentials in member accounts.

For routing based on the user's geographic location to comply with data residency requirements, the best solution is to use Amazon Route 53 geolocation routing policy. This policy allows you to configure DNS responses based on the geographic location of the user, ensuring that requests are directed to specific AWS Regions that align with the company’s data residency requirements. Option C is correct. The AWS Route 53 documentation provides details on implementing geolocation routing policies Amazon Route 53 Geolocation Routing.

To allow the TTL (Time to Live) of individual pages to vary while adhering to the maximum and minimum TTL settings configured for the Amazon CloudFront distribution, setting cache behaviors directly at the origin is most effective:

Use Cache-Control Headers: By configuring the Cache-Control: max-age directive in the HTTP headers of the objects served from the origin, you can specify how long an object should be cached by CloudFront before it is considered stale.

Integration with CloudFront: When CloudFront receives a request for an object, it checks the cache-control header to determine the TTL for that specific object. This allows individual objects to have their own TTL settings, as long as they are within the globally set minimum and maximum TTL values for the distribution.

Operational Efficiency: This method does not require any additional AWS services or modifications to the distribution settings. It leverages HTTP standard practices, ensuring compatibility and ease of management.

Implementing the TTL management through cache-control headers at the origin provides precise control over caching behavior, aligning with varying content freshness requirements without complex configurations.

To meet the requirement of using only IPv6 for all EC2 instances while allowing outbound internet access and preventing inbound internet access, an egress-only internet gateway is the correct solution. An egress-only internet gateway allows outbound communication over IPv6 and blocks inbound communication, ensuring that the instances can access the internet but are not directly accessible from the internet.

Create an Egress-Only Internet Gateway:

Open the Amazon VPC console at Amazon VPC Console.

In the navigation pane, choose Egress-only internet gateways.

Choose Create egress-only internet gateway, and then attach it to your VPC.

Create a Custom Route Table:

In the VPC console, navigate to Route Tables.

Create a new route table or select an existing one.

Add a route with the destination set to ::/0 (which represents all IPv6 addresses) and the target set to the egress-only internet gateway.

Attach the Route Table to IPv6-Only Subnets:

Associate the route table with the IPv6-only subnets in your VPC.

This configuration ensures that your IPv6-only EC2 instances can access the internet while being protected from inbound internet traffic.

Egress-Only Internet Gateways

IPv6 Addresses

AWS Systems Manager Maintenance Windows allow you to define a schedule for performing administrative tasks on your instances. By setting up a maintenance window:

Schedule Reboots:

Define a maintenance window outside business hours.

Register the EC2 instances as targets.

Assign the AWS-RestartEC2Instance Automation document to the task.

This setup ensures that instances are rebooted regularly, mitigating the effects of the memory leak until a permanent fix is implemented.

Aurora supports Auto Scaling of Aurora Replicas based on metrics like CPU utilization, which helps scale read capacity in read-heavy workloads.

From Aurora Auto Scaling documentation:

Aurora Auto Scaling automatically adds or removes Aurora Replicas based on CloudWatch metrics, such as CPU utilization.

Given that 95% of the workload is read, this is an ideal use case.

AWS Systems Manager State Manager is a service that allows you to automate the process of keeping your EC2 instances in a defined state, including installing software at launch or on a schedule.

From the AWS Systems Manager documentation:

You can use State Manager to bootstrap instances with software, apply configurations at launch, and maintain state across your fleet.

This is the most operationally efficient way to install software during instance launch.

To ensure that EC2 instances in private subnets can access the internet for software updates while complying with the security policy that requires instances to be in private subnets, you should use a NAT gateway. A NAT gateway allows instances in private subnets to initiate outbound traffic to the internet but prevents the internet from initiating connections to those instances.

Steps:

Create a NAT Gateway:

Open the Amazon VPC console.

In the navigation pane, choose "NAT Gateways".

Choose "Create NAT Gateway".

Select the public subnet where you want to create the NAT gateway.

Choose an Elastic IP address for the NAT gateway.

Choose "Create a NAT Gateway".

Update the Route Table for Private Subnets:

Open the Amazon VPC console.

In the navigation pane, choose "Route Tables".

Select the route table associated with your private subnets.

Choose the "Routes" tab and then "Edit routes".

Add a route with the destination 0.0.0.0/0 and the target as the NAT gateway ID.

Save the changes.

This setup ensures that instances in private subnets can access the internet via the NAT gateway in the public subnet.

https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/WindowsGuide/Creating_EBSbacked_WinAMI.html

"NoReboot By default, Amazon EC2 attempts to shut down and reboot the instance before creating the image. If the No Reboot option is set, Amazon EC2 doesn't shut down the instance before creating the image. When this option is used, file system integrity on the created image can't be guaranteed." Besides, we can use AWS EventBridge to invoke Lambda function https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/APIReference/API_CreateImage.html