Pass the Amazon Web Services AWS Certified Specialty MLS-C01 Questions and answers with CertsForce

The best way to handle the missing values in the patient age feature is to replace them with the mean or median value from the dataset. This is a common technique for imputing missing values that preserves the overall distribution of the data and avoids introducing bias or reducing the sample size. Dropping the records or the feature would result in losing valuable information and reducing the accuracy of the model. Using k-means clustering would not be appropriate for handling missing values in a single feature, as it is a method for grouping similar data points based on multiple features.

Effective Strategies to Handle Missing Values in Data Analysis

How To Handle Missing Values In Machine Learning Data With Weka

How to handle missing values in Python - Machine Learning Plus

Amazon SageMaker notebook instances are fully managed environments that provide an integrated Jupyter notebook interface for data exploration, analysis, and machine learning. Amazon SageMaker notebook instances are based on EC2 instances that run within AWS service accounts, not within customer accounts. This means that the ML Specialist cannot find the Amazon SageMaker notebook instance’s EC2 instance or EBS volume within the VPC, as they are not visible or accessible to the customer. However, the ML Specialist can still take a snapshot of the EBS volume by using the Amazon SageMaker console or API. The ML Specialist can also use VPC interface endpoints to securely connect the Amazon SageMaker notebook instance to the resources within the VPC, such as Amazon S3 buckets, Amazon EFS file systems, or Amazon RDS databases

Amazon Redshift ML enables in-database machine learning model creation and predictions, allowing data scientists to leverage Redshift for model training without needing to export data.

To create and run a model for customer churn prediction in Amazon Redshift ML:

Define the feature variables and target variable: Identify the columns to use as features (predictors) and the target variable (outcome) for the churn prediction model.

Create the model: Write a CREATE MODEL SQL statement, which trains the model using Amazon Redshift’s integration with Amazon SageMaker and stores the model directly in Redshift.

Run predictions: Use the SQL PREDICT function to generate predictions on new data directly within Redshift.

Options B, D, and E are not required as Redshift ML handles model creation and prediction without manual data export to Amazon S3 or additional Spectrum integration.

Pipe input mode is a feature of Amazon SageMaker that allows streaming large datasets from Amazon S3 directly to the training algorithm without downloading them to the local disk. This reduces the startup time, disk space, and cost of training jobs. Pipe input mode is supported by most of the built-in algorithms and can also be used with custom training algorithms. To use Pipe input mode, the data needs to be in a binary format such as protobuf recordIO or TFRecord. The training code needs to use the PipeModeDataset class to read the data from the named pipe provided by SageMaker. To verify that the training code and the model parameters are working as expected, it is recommended to train locally on a smaller subset of the data before launching a full-scale training job on SageMaker. This approach is faster and more efficient than the other options, which involve either downloading the full dataset to an EC2 instance or using AWS Glue, which is not designed for training machine learning models. References:

Using Pipe input mode for Amazon SageMaker algorithms

Using Pipe Mode with Your Own Algorithms

PipeModeDataset Class

 To find the most discussed topics in the comments that are in either English or Spanish, the machine learning specialist needs to perform two steps: first, translate the comments from Spanish to English if necessary, and second, apply a topic modeling algorithm to the comments. The following options are valid ways to accomplish these steps using AWS services:

Option C: Use Amazon Translate to translate from Spanish to English, if necessary. Use Amazon Comprehend topic modeling to find the topics. Amazon Translate is a neural machine translation service that delivers fast, high-quality, and affordable language translation. Amazon Comprehend is a natural language processing (NLP) service that uses machine learning to find insights and relationships in text. Amazon Comprehend topic modeling is a feature that automatically organizes a collection of text documents into topics that contain commonly used words and phrases.

Option E: Use Amazon Translate to translate from Spanish to English, if necessary. Use Amazon SageMaker Neural Topic Model (NTM) to find the topics. Amazon SageMaker is a fully managed service that provides every developer and data scientist with the ability to build, train, and deploy machine learning (ML) models quickly. Amazon SageMaker Neural Topic Model (NTM) is an unsupervised learning algorithm that is used to organize a corpus of documents into topics that contain word groupings based on their statistical distribution.

The other options are not valid because:

Option A: Amazon SageMaker BlazingText algorithm is not a topic modeling algorithm, but a text classification and word embedding algorithm. It cannot find the topics independently from language, as different languages have different word distributions and semantics.

Option B: Amazon SageMaker seq2seq algorithm is not a translation algorithm, but a sequence-to-sequence learning algorithm that can be used for tasks such as summarization, chatbot, and question answering. Amazon SageMaker Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm is a topic modeling algorithm, but it requires the input documents to be in the same language and preprocessed into a bag-of-words format.

Option D: Amazon Lex is not a topic modeling algorithm, but a service for building conversational interfaces into any application using voice and text. It cannot extract topics from the content, but only intents and slots based on a predefined bot configuration. References:

Amazon Translate

Amazon Comprehend

Amazon SageMaker

Amazon SageMaker Neural Topic Model (NTM) Algorithm

Amazon SageMaker BlazingText

Amazon SageMaker Seq2Seq

Amazon SageMaker Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) Algorithm

Amazon Lex

 Early stopping is a technique that can be used to prevent overfitting and improve model performance on the validation set. Overfitting occurs when the model learns the training data too well and fails to generalize to new and unseen data. This can be seen in the graph, where the training loss keeps decreasing, but the validation loss starts to increase after some point. This means that the model is fitting the noise and patterns in the training data that are not relevant for the validation data. Early stopping is a way of stopping the training process before the model overfits the training data. It works by monitoring the validation loss and stopping the training when the validation loss stops decreasing or starts increasing. This way, the model is saved at the point where it has the best performance on the validation set. Early stopping can also save time and resources by reducing the number of epochs needed for training. References:

Early Stopping

How to Stop Training Deep Neural Networks At the Right Time Using Early Stopping

 The solution A will meet the requirements with the most operational efficiency because it uses Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler, which is a service that simplifies the process of data preparation and feature engineering for machine learning. The solution A involves the following steps:

Use Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler preconfigured transformations to explore feature transformations. Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler provides a visual interface that allows data scientists to apply various transformations to their tabular data, such as encoding categorical features, scaling numerical features, imputing missing values, and more. Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler also supports custom transformations using Python code or SQL queries1.

Use SageMaker Data Wrangler templates for visualization. Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler also provides a set of templates that can generate visualizations of the data, such as histograms, scatter plots, box plots, and more. These visualizations can help data scientists to understand the distribution and characteristics of the data, and to compare the effects of different feature transformations1.

Export the feature processing workflow to a SageMaker pipeline for automation. Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler can export the feature processing workflow as a SageMaker pipeline, which is a service that orchestrates and automates machine learning workflows. A SageMaker pipeline can run the feature processing steps as a preprocessing step, and then feed the output to a training step or an inference step. This can reduce the operational overhead of managing the feature processing workflow and ensure its consistency and reproducibility2.

The other options are not suitable because:

Option B: Using an Amazon SageMaker notebook instance to experiment with different feature transformations, saving the transformations to Amazon S3, using Amazon QuickSight for visualization, and packaging the feature processing steps into an AWS Lambda function for automation will incur more operational overhead than using Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler. The data scientist will have to write the code for the feature transformations, the data storage, the data visualization, and the Lambda function. Moreover, AWS Lambda has limitations on the execution time, memory size, and package size, which may not be sufficient for complex feature processing tasks3.

Option C: Using AWS Glue Studio with custom code to experiment with different feature transformations, saving the transformations to Amazon S3, using Amazon QuickSight for visualization, and packaging the feature processing steps into an AWS Lambda function for automation will incur more operational overhead than using Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler. AWS Glue Studio is a visual interface that allows data engineers to create and run extract, transform, and load (ETL) jobs on AWS Glue. However, AWS Glue Studio does not provide preconfigured transformations or templates for feature engineering or data visualization. The data scientist will have to write custom code for these tasks, as well as for the Lambda function. Moreover, AWS Glue Studio is not integrated with SageMaker pipelines, and it may not be optimized for machine learning workflows4.

Option D: Using Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler preconfigured transformations to experiment with different feature transformations, saving the transformations to Amazon S3, using Amazon QuickSight for visualization, packaging each feature transformation step into a separate AWS Lambda function, and using AWS Step Functions for workflow automation will incur more operational overhead than using Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler. The data scientist will have to create and manage multiple AWS Lambda functions and AWS Step Functions, which can increase the complexity and cost of the solution. Moreover, AWS Lambda and AWS Step Functions may not be compatible with SageMaker pipelines, and they may not be optimized for machine learning workflows5.

1: Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler

2: Amazon SageMaker Pipelines

3: AWS Lambda

4: AWS Glue Studio

5: AWS Step Functions

The SageMaker Variant Invocations Per Instance setting is the target value for the average number of invocations per instance per minute for the model variant. It is used by the automatic scaling policy to add or remove instances to keep the metric close to the specified value. To determine this value, the following equation can be used in combination with load testing:

SageMakerVariantInvocationsPerInstance = (MAX_RPS * SAFETY_FACTOR) * 60

Where MAX_RPS is the maximum requests per second that the model variant can handle without service degradation, SAFETY_FACTOR is a factor that ensures that the clients do not exceed the maximum RPS, and 60 is the conversion factor from seconds to minutes. In this case, the given parameters are:

MAX_RPS = 20 SAFETY_FACTOR = 0.5

Plugging these values into the equation, we get:

SageMakerVariantInvocationsPerInstance = (20 * 0.5) * 60 SageMakerVariantInvocationsPerInstance = 600

Therefore, the Specialist should set the SageMaker Variant Invocations Per Instance setting to 600.

Load testing your auto scaling configuration - Amazon SageMaker

Configure model auto scaling with the console - Amazon SageMaker

The solution C will meet the requirements with the least development effort because it uses Amazon Rekognition and AWS CloudTrail, which are fully managed services that can provide the desired functionality. The solution C involves the following steps:

Use Amazon Rekognition to identify celebrities in the pictures. Amazon Rekognition is a service that can analyze images and videos and extract insights such as faces, objects, scenes, emotions, and more. Amazon Rekognition also provides a feature called Celebrity Recognition, which can recognize thousands of celebrities across a number of categories, such as politics, sports, entertainment, and media. Amazon Rekognition can return the name, face, and confidence score of the recognized celebrities, as well as additional information such as URLs and biographies1.

Use AWS CloudTrail to capture IP address and timestamp details. AWS CloudTrail is a service that can record the API calls and events made by or on behalf of AWS accounts. AWS CloudTrail can provide information such as the source IP address, the user identity, the request parameters, and the response elements of the API calls. AWS CloudTrail can also deliver the event records to an Amazon S3 bucket or an Amazon CloudWatch Logs group for further analysis and auditing2.

The other options are not suitable because:

Option A: Using AWS Panorama to identify celebrities in the pictures and using AWS CloudTrail to capture IP address and timestamp details will not meet the requirements effectively. AWS Panorama is a service that can extend computer vision to the edge, where it can run inference on video streams from cameras and other devices. AWS Panorama is not designed for identifying celebrities in pictures, and it may not provide accurate or relevant results. Moreover, AWS Panorama requires the use of an AWS Panorama Appliance or a compatible device, which may incur additional costs and complexity3.

Option B: Using AWS Panorama to identify celebrities in the pictures and making calls to the AWS Panorama Device SDK to capture IP address and timestamp details will not meet the requirements effectively, for the same reasons as option A. Additionally, making calls to the AWS Panorama Device SDK will require more development effort than using AWS CloudTrail, as it will involve writing custom code and handling errors and exceptions4.

Option D: Using Amazon Rekognition to identify celebrities in the pictures and using the text detection feature to capture IP address and timestamp details will not meet the requirements effectively. The text detection feature of Amazon Rekognition is used to detect and recognize text in images and videos, such as street names, captions, product names, and license plates. It is not suitable for capturing IP address and timestamp details, as these are not part of the pictures that users upload. Moreover, the text detection feature may not be accurate or reliable, as it depends on the quality and clarity of the text in the images and videos5.

1: Amazon Rekognition Celebrity Recognition

2: AWS CloudTrail Overview

3: AWS Panorama Overview

4: AWS Panorama Device SDK

5: Amazon Rekognition Text Detection

AWS Glue is a serverless data integration service that can catalogue, clean, enrich, and move data between various data stores. Amazon Athena is an interactive query service that can run SQL queries on data stored in Amazon S3. By using AWS Glue to catalogue the data and Amazon Athena to run queries, the Machine Learning Specialist can leverage the existing data in Amazon S3 without any additional data transformation or loading. This solution requires the least effort compared to the other options, which involve more complex and costly data processing and storage services. References: AWS Glue, Amazon Athena