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Sickle cell anemiais a congenital form of anemia that predominantly affects Black or African American individuals. It is an inherited condition caused by a mutation in the HBB gene, which encodes the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. This mutation results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin known as hemoglobin S (HbS). Under low oxygen conditions, HbS causes red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped, leading to various complications including pain, infections, and anemia. Approximately one in ten African Americans carry the gene for sickle cell trait, making it one of the most common genetic disorders in this population.

Persons incapable of forming melanin are called albino. Albinism is a genetic condition characterized by a lack of melanin pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes, leading to very light skin and hair, and vision problems. The condition results from mutations in genes involved in the production of melanin.

References:

Genetics and Pathophysiology of Albinism by David C. Bennett and Dorothy C. Cooper

Clinical Dermatology by Thomas P. Habif

Workers' compensation insurance provides medical care and financial benefits for employees who suffer job-related accidents or illnesses. This type of insurance is designed to cover medical expenses, rehabilitation costs, and lost wages resulting from work-related injuries or conditions, ensuring that employees receive the necessary care and support during their recovery.

References:

Workers' Compensation Law by Lex K. Larson

National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI) Guidelines

Aprefixis a group of letters placed at thebeginningof a word to modify its meaning. Prefixes can change the word into a different form of the original word, often changing the meaning significantly. For example, the prefix "un-" added to "happy" forms "unhappy," meaning not happy.

Glaucomais a condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure, which can damage the optic nerve and result in vision loss or blindness if not treated. The increased pressure is usually due to a buildup of aqueous humor in the eye, either from overproduction or blocked drainage channels.Reference:Nationally Registered Certified Medical Assistant study materials, ophthalmology textbooks.

Tissues are composed of cells. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a specific function. There are four primary types of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Each type of tissue has a distinct structure and function that contributes to the overall physiology of the body.

References:

Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas by Anthony L. Mescher

Human Anatomy & Physiology by Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn

An inflamed condition of the tendon and tendon muscles is referred to as tendonitis. Tendonitis is the inflammation or irritation of a tendon, often caused by overuse or repetitive movements. It commonly affects the shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees, and heels.

References:

Tendinopathy: From Basic Science to Clinical Management by Savio L-Y. Woo and Per A. F. H. Renström

Principles of Orthopedic Practice by Roger H. Michael

Hyperglycemia refers to elevated levels of glucose in the blood, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus. It occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Symptoms of hyperglycemia include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, nerve damage, kidney failure, and retinopathy. Management of blood glucose levels is crucial for individuals with diabetes to prevent these complications.

The most common bacteriology stain is the Gram stain. The Gram stain differentiates bacterial species into Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups based on the composition of their cell walls. This staining technique is crucial in microbiology for identifying and classifying bacteria, guiding antibiotic treatment decisions.

References:

Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology by Patricia Tille

Medical Microbiology by Patrick R. Murray

If a patient calls the office stating they have received a blunt injury to the eye, it is essential to advise them tocome in as soon as possible to have the eye checked. Eye injuries can lead to serious complications, including vision loss, if not promptly evaluated and treated by a healthcare professional. Delaying treatment or improper self-care, such as applying heat or rubbing the eye, can exacerbate the injury.

Do nothing unless the eye is very swollen: Incorrect, as internal damage may occur without visible swelling.

Apply heat: Incorrect, as it may worsen inflammation.

Rub the eye to be sure there is nothing in it: Incorrect, as it can cause further injury.