Pass the Google Google Cloud Certified Associate-Cloud-Engineer Questions and answers with CertsForce

https://cloud.google.com/monitoring/alerts#alerting-example

Using primitive roles The following table lists the primitive roles that you can grant to access a project, the description of what the role does, and the permissions bundled within that role. Avoid using primitive roles except when absolutely necessary. These roles are very powerful, and include a large number of permissions across all Google Cloud services. For more details on when you should use primitive roles, see the Identity and Access Management FAQ. IAM predefined roles are much more granular, and allow you to carefully manage the set of permissions that your users have access to. See Understanding Roles for a list of roles that can be granted at the project level. Creating custom roles can further increase the control you have over user permissions.https://cloud.google.com/resource-manager/docs/access-control-proj#using_primitive_roles

https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/understanding-custom-roles

Granting more permissions than necessary violates the principle of least privilege, a fundamental security best practice. While option A grants the necessary permissions (as subsets exist in two predefined roles), it might also grant more permissions than the Operations team strictly requires for their tasks on GKE and Cloud SQL. Option D is too broad; 'Admin' roles grant extensive permissions that likely exceed the specific needs.

Google Cloud's best practices strongly recommend adhering to the principle of least privilege. Creating a custom role allows you to precisely define the set of permissions the Operations team needs for their specific tasks on the GKE cluster and the Cloud SQL instance, without granting any unnecessary permissions. This minimizes the potential blast radius in case of accidental or malicious actions.

Google Cloud Documentation References:

IAM best practices: https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/best-practices - This document explicitly recommends granting the minimum necessary permissions.

Creating and managing custom roles: https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/creating-managing-custom-roles - This explains how to create roles tailored to specific job functions.

Understanding roles: https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/understanding-roles - This outlines the concepts of predefined and custom roles and their use cases.

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https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/instance-groups/autohealing-instances-in-migs#setting_up_an_autohealing_policy

The requirement is for private communication between a Cloud Run service and a GKE API, following best practices.

Option A exposes the GKE API to the public internet, which violates the "privately reach" requirement. Relying on dynamic IP allowlisting with Cloud Armor is complex and less secure than private networking.

Options B and C configure overly permissive firewall rules (allowing all egress or ingress) and do not establish the necessary private network path between Cloud Run (which normally runs outside your VPC) and the GKE cluster within your VPC.

Option D describes the standard Google-recommended pattern for this scenario:

Internal Application Load Balancer (ILB): Expose the GKE service (API) using an ILB. This gives the service a private IP address accessible only within the VPC network (or connected networks).

Cloud DNS: Create a private DNS zone and record pointing a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) to the ILB's private IP address. This allows services to reach the API via a stable name instead of an IP.

Serverless VPC Access Connector: This connector creates a bridge allowing serverless services like Cloud Run to send traffic into your VPC network.

Cloud Run Configuration: Configure the Cloud Run service to use the VPC Access connector. The application code can then call the GKE API using its private FQDN registered in Cloud DNS.

This setup ensures traffic flows entirely over private networks (within the VPC via the ILB and through the VPC Access connector), meeting the private communication requirement securely and reliably.

A simple approach would be to use the command flags available when listing all the IAM policy for a given project. For instance, the following command: `gcloud projects get-iam-policy $PROJECT_ID --flatten="bindings[].members" --format="table(bindings.members)" --filter="bindings.role:roles/owner"` outputs all the users and service accounts associatedwith the role ‘roles/owner’ in the project in question.https://groups.google.com/g/google-cloud-dev/c/Z6sZs7TvygQ?pli=1

Types of audit logs Cloud Audit Logs provides the following audit logs for each Cloud project, folder, and organization: Admin Activity audit logs Data Access audit logs System Event audit logs Policy Denied audit logs *Data Access audit logs contain API calls that read the configuration or metadata of resources, as well as user-driven API calls that create, modify, or read user-provided resource data.https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit#types

https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit#data-access Cloud Storage: When Cloud Storage usage logs are enabled, Cloud Storage writes usage data to the Cloud Storagebucket, which generates Data Access audit logs for the bucket. The generated Data Access audit log has its caller identity redacted.

Folders are nodes in the Cloud Platform Resource Hierarchy. A folder can contain projects, other folders, or a combination of both. Organizations can use folders to group projects under the organization node in a hierarchy. For example, your organization might contain multiple departments, each with its own set of Google Cloud resources. Folders allow you to group these resources on a per-department basis. Folders are used to group resources that share common IAM policies. While a folder can contain multiple folders or resources, a given folder or resource can have exactly one parent.https://cloud.google.com/resource-manager/docs/creating-managing-folders