Pass the Fortinet NSE 7 Network Security Architect NSE7_NST-7.2 Questions and answers with CertsForce

BGP Advertisement:The output from the commandget router info bgp neighbors 100.64.2.254 advertised-routesshows the routes that the local router is advertising to its BGP neighbor.

Output Analysis:

TheNetworkcolumn lists the networks being advertised.

TheNext Hopcolumn indicates the next-hop IP address for these routes.

The line*> 10.20.30.40/24 100.64.2.1indicates that the 10.20.30.40/24 network is being advertised with a next-hop of 100.64.2.1.

Local Router's Role:Since the output lists the advertised routes, it means that the local router (with router ID 172.16.1.254) is advertising the 10.20.30.40/24 network to its neighbor 100.64.2.254.

This confirms that the local router is indeed advertising the specified network to its BGP neighbor.

References:

Fortinet Documentation: Understanding BGP Route Advertisements​(Fortinet Document Library)​​(Fortinet Docs)​.

The exhibit displays the output of a real-time debug of the URL filtering process on a FortiGate device. The debug output includes various details about a web request being processed.

SNI (Server Name Indication): This is part of the SSL/TLS handshake where the client specifies the hostname it is trying to connect to. FortiGate can use this information to apply appropriate web filtering rules based on the server name.

CN (Common Name): This is a field in the server's SSL certificate that typically contains the server's hostname. FortiGate can extract this information to verify the identity of the server and apply security policies accordingly.

Given that the debug output includes the hostname "training.fortinet.com," it is likely derived from the SNI in the client's request or the CN in the server's certificate, indicating that FortiGate is using this information to process the web request.

References

Fortinet Community Documentation on Real-time Debugging

LDAP Authentication Process:

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) authentication involves several steps: Bind Request, Search Request, and Bind Response.

The Bind Request is used to authenticate the client to the LDAP server.

The Search Request is used to find the directory entry that matches the provided criteria.

Analyzing the Exhibit:

The exhibit shows a real-time LDAP debug output.

The debug log includes a successful resolution of the LDAP FQDN, indicating that the LDAP server was reached.

The debug log also shows the start of a search using the distinguished name (DN) base and a filter to locate the userjsmith.

Conclusion:

Since FortiOS successfully resolved the LDAP server and initiated a search for the userjsmith, it indicates that the LDAP server was located, and the search request was performed.

References:

Fortinet Community: Understanding LDAP authentication steps and troubleshooting​(Fortinet Docs)​.

Fortinet Documentation: LDAP integration and debugging in FortiOS​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​.

Kernel Slabs Overview:

The slab allocator in the Linux kernel is used for efficient memory management. It groups objects of the same type into caches, which are divided into slabs.

Each slab contains multiple objects and helps to minimize fragmentation and enhance memory allocation efficiency.

Interpreting the Exhibit:

The exhibit shows output related to various kernel slab caches.

The line forip6_sessionindicates that there are 1300 kB allocated for this slab, which means the total memory size allocated for IPv6 session objects in the kernel is 1300 kB.

References:

Fortinet Community: Explanation of kernel slab allocation and usage​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Hammertux)​.

Linux Kernel Documentation: Slab Allocator details​(Hammertux)​.

Statistics and Configuration Information:

Application-layer test commands can display detailed statistics and configuration information about specific features or processes. For example, commands likediagnose vpn ipsec tunnel listprovide detailed statistics about VPN tunnels.

Real-time Debugs:

These commands also facilitate real-time debugging of applications and processes. For instance, usingdiagnose debug applicationfollowed by the specific application, such asfssod, provides real-time debug information which is crucial for troubleshooting.

References:

Fortinet Community: Useful FSSO Commands and Troubleshooting​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​.

Fortinet Documentation: Application-layer Test Commands​(Fortinet GURU)​.

The exhibits show the configuration of static routes and a session table entry for an active session. The static routes are configured with different priorities:

Route throughport1with a gateway of10.200.1.254and priority5.

Route throughport2with a gateway of10.200.2.254and priority10.

If the priority of the route throughport2is changed from10to0, this route will become more preferred than the route throughport1because lower priority values indicate higher preference. As a result, the traffic for the existing session will switch to using the more preferred route:

The session would remain active in the session table, as FortiGate does not immediately clear sessions upon route changes unless explicitly configured to do so.

The traffic for the session would then start egressing fromport2, which now has the higher priority route due to its lower priority value.

References

Fortinet Documentation on Routing Configuration

Fortinet Community on Session Handling

Refused Connection:A refused connection typically indicates a mismatch in the TCP port configuration between the FortiGate and the collector agent. Ensuring both are configured to use the same TCP port is crucial for proper connectivity.

Mismatched Pre-Shared Password:If the pre-shared password configured on the FortiGate does not match the one set on the collector agent, authentication will fail, leading to connectivity issues.

Inability to Reach IP Address:This can occur due to network issues such as incorrect routing, firewall rules blocking traffic, or the collector agent being down. Verifying network connectivity and the status of the collector agent is necessary to resolve this issue.

References:

Fortinet Community: Troubleshooting FSSO Connectivity Issues​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​.

RTT (Round Trip Time):

RTT in the context of the FortiGuard server list indicates the time it takes for a request to be sent to a FortiGuard server and for a response to be received.

This metric helps determine the latency between the FortiGate device and the FortiGuard servers, which is crucial for ensuring efficient and quick updates and responses for services like web filtering and antivirus updates.

Server Selection:

The FortiGate device uses RTT values to prioritize servers. Servers with lower RTT values are preferred as they respond faster, ensuring minimal delay in processing requests.

This improves the overall performance of FortiGuard services by reducing the time it takes to communicate with the servers.

References:

Fortinet Community: Troubleshooting FortiGuard server connections and RTT values​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Fortinet Docs)​.

Fortinet Documentation: FortiGuard server settings and RTT explanation​(Welcome to the Fortinet Community!)​​(Fortinet Docs)​.

RADIUS Server IP Address:

The debug output shows that the RADIUS request was sent to the server atIP=172.25.188.164. This indicates that the RADIUS server being queried for authentication is indeed located at this IP address.

Authentication Result:

The debug output includes a line indicating the result for the RADIUS server:Result for radius svr 'RadiusServer' 172.25.188.164(0) is 0. A result code of0typically signifies that the authentication attempt was unsuccessful.

Authentication Scheme:

The debug output does not indicate that the authentication scheme used was pop3; it mentions using CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol).

Two-factor Authentication:

There is no indication in the debug output that two-factor authentication was required for this session.

References

Fortinet Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Documentation

RADIUS Authentication Configuration and Debugging Guides

OSPF Interface Network Types:

The network types of the interfaces on both FortiGate devices must match. Common network types include broadcast, point-to-point, and non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA).

Authentication Settings:

Both devices must have matching authentication settings (if authentication is used). This includes the same authentication type (none, simple password, or MD5) and the same password or key.

OSPF Router IDs:

Each OSPF router must have a unique router ID within the OSPF domain. The router ID is typically an IPv4 address selected from one of the router's interfaces or manually configured.

Link Costs and Interface Priority:

While link costs and interface priorities are important for route selection and designated router (DR) elections, they do not prevent OSPF adjacency formation if they differ.

References

Fortinet Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Documentation

OSPF Configuration Guides