Value stream management is not one of the actual steps in value stream mapping, so option D is correct. In ITIL, value stream mapping typically includes identifying the value stream, mapping the current or “as-is” flow, analyzing bottlenecks and waste, and often designing an improved or “to-be” flow. These activities help an organization understand how work, information, and artifacts move across teams to create value. Value stream management is broader than mapping. It includes the ongoing governance, monitoring, optimization, and improvement of value streams over time. In other words, mapping is an important technique within the wider discipline of managing value streams. ITIL treats mapping as a way to visualize and analyze workflows, while management ensures performance, adaptation, and continual improvement of those workflows.