Ransomware affects victims’ files primarily byencryptingthem, rendering the data inaccessible without a decryption key. Attackers then demand a ransom in exchange for restoring access.
While modern ransomware may also steal data, encryption is the defining characteristic of ransomware attacks. Destroying or selling files is not the primary mechanism.
Strong backups, access controls, and endpoint protection are key defenses against ransomware, as emphasized by NIST and CIS.
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