This question aligns directly with CHFI v11 objectives underComputer Forensics FundamentalsandLog Analysis. Log files are among the most critical forensic artifacts because they provide achronological and authoritative record of system, security, and application events. CHFI v11 emphasizes that logs are essential for reconstructing attack timelines, identifying unauthorized access attempts, and determining the scope of a compromise.

Artifacts such asfailed sign-in attempts,security policy modifications,IDS alerts, andapplication errorsare routinely recorded in log sources including Windows Security logs, system logs, application logs, firewall logs, and IDS/IPS logs. These logs allow investigators to correlate events across systems, identify brute-force attacks, detect privilege escalation, and recognize abnormal behavior caused by malware or misconfiguration.

Cryptographic artifacts focus on key usage and encryption operations, browser artifacts relate to user web activity, and process or memory artifacts provide insight into live execution states—but none provide thecomprehensive, event-based historical visibilityrequired to answer all aspects of the question. CHFI v11 highlights log analysis as the primary method for understandingwhat happened, when it happened, how it happened, and who was involved. Therefore,log file anomaliesare the most relevant and reliable forensic artifacts in this scenario.