A quantitative model is a mathematical representation of a real-world situation that involves numbers, variables, equations, and logic. A quantitative model can be used to support sales and operations planning (S&OP), which is a process of aligning the demand and supply plans of an organization at an aggregate level. To develop a quantitative model for S&OP, the following statements are most true:

It is not necessary to capture all of the detail in order to create a useful model. In fact, too much detail can make the model complex, unrealistic, and difficult to solve. A useful model should capture the essential features of the situation and simplify the irrelevant or insignificant aspects1.

Aggregation will be necessary to develop an appropriate model. Aggregation is the process of combining data or information into higher-level categories or groups. For example, products can be aggregated into product families, customers can be aggregated into market segments, and time periods can be aggregated into months or quarters. Aggregation can help reduce the size and complexity of the model, as well as improve its accuracy and reliability2.

Clear objectives are necessary to begin the modeling process. Objectives are the desired outcomes or goals that the model aims to achieve or optimize. For example, an objective of S&OP could be to maximize profit, minimize cost, or balance inventory. Clear objectives can help define the scope, structure, and criteria of the model3.

A significant level of effort is required to develop a model. Developing a model involves several steps, such as defining the problem, collecting and analyzing data, formulating and testing the model, implementing and validating the solution, and evaluating and improving the results. Each step requires careful planning, execution, and evaluation4.

References: CPIM Part 2 Exam Content Manual, Domain 3: Plan and Manage Demand, Section 3.1: Demand Management Concepts and Tools, p. 27-28; Quantitative Techniques Used in Sales & Operations Planning; Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) 101| Smartsheet; Chapter 13 – Aggregate Planning - KSU; What is Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) | Oracle; Aggregation and Disaggregation | SAP Help Portal.