You must provide tunneling in the overlay that supports multipath capabilities.
Which two protocols provide this function? (Choose two.)
MPLSoGRE
VXLAN
VPN
MPLSoUDP
In cloud networking, overlay networks are used to create virtualized networks that abstract the underlying physical infrastructure. To supportmultipath capabilities, certain protocols provide efficient tunneling mechanisms. Let’s analyze each option:
A. MPLSoGRE
Incorrect:MPLS over GRE (MPLSoGRE) is a tunneling protocol that encapsulates MPLS packets within GRE tunnels. While it supports MPLS traffic, it does not inherently provide multipath capabilities.
B. VXLAN
Correct:VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) is an overlay protocol that encapsulates Layer 2 Ethernet frames within UDP packets. It supports multipath capabilities by leveraging the Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) routing in the underlay network. VXLAN is widely used in cloud environments for extending Layer 2 networks across data centers.
C. VPN
Incorrect:Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are used to securely connect remote networks or users over public networks. They do not inherently provide multipath capabilities or overlay tunneling for virtual networks.
D. MPLSoUDP
Correct:MPLS over UDP (MPLSoUDP) is a tunneling protocol that encapsulates MPLS packets within UDP packets. Like VXLAN, it supports multipath capabilities by utilizing ECMP in the underlay network. MPLSoUDP is often used in service provider environments for scalable and flexible network architectures.
Why These Protocols?
VXLAN:Provides Layer 2 extension and supports multipath forwarding, making it ideal for large-scale cloud deployments.
MPLSoUDP:Combines the benefits of MPLS with UDP encapsulation, enabling efficient multipath routing in overlay networks.
JNCIA Cloud References:
The JNCIA-Cloud certification covers overlay networking protocols like VXLAN and MPLSoUDP as part of its curriculum on cloud architectures. Understanding these protocols is essential for designing scalable and resilient virtual networks.
For example, Juniper Contrail uses VXLAN to extend virtual networks across distributed environments, ensuring seamless communication and high availability.
Which component of Kubernetes runs on each node maintaining network rules?
container runtime
kube-proxy
kubelet
kube controller
Kubernetes components work together to ensure seamless communication and network functionality within the cluster. Let’s analyze each option:
A. container runtime
Incorrect:The container runtime (e.g.,containerd,cri-o) is responsible for running containers on worker nodes. It does not maintain network rules.
B. kube-proxy
Correct: kube-proxyis a Kubernetes component that runs on each node and maintains network rules to enable communication between services and pods. It ensures proper load balancing and routing of traffic.
C. kubelet
Incorrect:Thekubeletis responsible for managing the state of pods and containers on a node. It does not handle network rules.
D. kube controller
Incorrect:Thekube controllermanages the desired state of the cluster, such as maintaining the correct number of replicas. It does not directly manage network rules.
Why kube-proxy?
Network Rules:kube-proxy implements iptables or IPVS rules to route traffic between services and pods, ensuring seamless communication.
Load Balancing:It provides basic load balancing for services, distributing traffic across available pods.
JNCIA Cloud References:
The JNCIA-Cloud certification covers Kubernetes networking, including the role of kube-proxy. Understanding how kube-proxy works is essential for managing network communication in Kubernetes clusters.
For example, Juniper Contrail integrates with Kubernetes to enhance networking capabilities, leveraging kube-proxy for service-level traffic management.
Which OpenStack service provides API client authentication?
Keystone
Nova
Heal
Neutron
OpenStack is an open-source cloud computing platform that provides various services for managing infrastructure resources. Let’s analyze each option:
A. Keystone
Correct: Keystone is the OpenStack service responsible for identity management and API client authentication . It provides authentication, authorization, and service discovery for other OpenStack services.
B. Nova
Incorrect: Nova is the OpenStack compute service that manages virtual machines and bare-metal servers. It does not handle authentication or API client validation.
C. Heat
Incorrect: Heat is the OpenStack orchestration service that automates the deployment and management of infrastructure resources using templates. It does not provide authentication services.
D. Neutron
Incorrect: Neutron is the OpenStack networking service that manages virtual networks, routers, and IP addresses. It is unrelated to API client authentication.
Why Keystone?
Authentication and Authorization: Keystone ensures that only authorized users and services can access OpenStack resources by validating credentials and issuing tokens.
Service Discovery: Keystone also provides a catalog of available OpenStack services and their endpoints, enabling seamless integration between components.
JNCIA Cloud References:
The JNCIA-Cloud certification covers OpenStack services, including Keystone, as part of its cloud infrastructure curriculum. Understanding Keystone’s role in authentication is essential for managing secure OpenStack deployments.
For example, Juniper Contrail integrates with OpenStack Keystone to authenticate and authorize network resources, ensuring secure and efficient operation.
Which key value store is used as a Kubernetes’s backend store?
etcd
firebase
postgres
mongodb
Kubernetes relies on a distributed key-value store to maintain its state and configuration data. Let’s analyze each option:
A. etcd
Correct: etcd is a distributed key-value store used as Kubernetes’ backend store. It stores all cluster data, including configurations, states, and metadata, ensuring consistency and reliability across the cluster.
B. firebase
Incorrect: Firebase is a Backend-as-a-Service (BaaS) platform for building mobile and web applications. It is unrelated to Kubernetes.
C. postgres
Incorrect: PostgreSQL is a relational database management system. While it can be used for other purposes, it is not the backend store for Kubernetes.
D. mongodb
Incorrect: MongoDB is a NoSQL database used for storing unstructured data. It is not used as Kubernetes’ backend store.
Why etcd?
High Availability: etcd is designed for distributed systems, providing strong consistency and fault tolerance.
Cluster State Management: Kubernetes uses etcd to store critical data such as pod states, service definitions, and configuration details.
JNCIA Cloud References:
The JNCIA-Cloud certification covers Kubernetes architecture, including the role of etcd. Understanding etcd’s function is essential for managing and troubleshooting Kubernetes clusters.
For example, Juniper Contrail integrates with Kubernetes to provide networking and security features, relying on etcd for cluster state management.
You are asked to provision a bare-metal server using OpenStack.
Which service is required to satisfy this requirement?
Ironic
Zun
Trove
Magnum
OpenStack is an open-source cloud computing platform that provides various services for managing compute, storage, and networking resources. To provision abare-metal serverin OpenStack, theIronicservice is required. Let’s analyze each option:
A. Ironic
Correct:OpenStack Ironic is a bare-metal provisioning service that allows you to manage and provision physical servers as if they were virtual machines. It automates tasks such as hardware discovery, configuration, and deployment of operating systems on bare-metal servers.
B. Zun
Incorrect:OpenStack Zun is a container service that manages the lifecycle of containers. It is unrelated to bare-metal provisioning.
C. Trove
Incorrect:OpenStack Trove is a Database as a Service (DBaaS) solution that provides managed database instances. It does not handle bare-metal provisioning.
D. Magnum
Incorrect:OpenStack Magnum is a container orchestration service that supports Kubernetes, Docker Swarm, and other container orchestration engines. It is focused on containerized workloads, not bare-metal servers.
Why Ironic?
Purpose-Built for Bare-Metal:Ironic is specifically designed to provision and manage bare-metal servers, making it the correct choice for this requirement.
Automation:Ironic automates the entire bare-metal provisioning process, including hardware discovery, configuration, and OS deployment.
JNCIA Cloud References:
The JNCIA-Cloud certification covers OpenStack as part of its cloud infrastructure curriculum. Understanding OpenStack services like Ironic is essential for managing bare-metal and virtualized environments in cloud deployments.
For example, Juniper Contrail integrates with OpenStack to provide networking and security for both virtualized and bare-metal workloads. Proficiency with OpenStack services ensures efficient management of diverse cloud resources.
What are two available installation methods for an OpenShift cluster? (Choose two.)
installer-provisioned infrastructure
kubeadm
user-provisioned infrastructure
kubespray
OpenShift provides multiple methods for installing and deploying clusters, depending on the level of control and automation desired. Let’s analyze each option:
A. installer-provisioned infrastructure
Correct:
Installer-provisioned infrastructure (IPI)is an automated installation method where the OpenShift installer provisions and configures the underlying infrastructure (e.g., virtual machines, networking) using cloud provider APIs or bare-metal platforms. This method simplifies deployment by handling most of the setup automatically.
B. kubeadm
Incorrect:
kubeadmis a tool used to bootstrap Kubernetes clusters manually. While it is widely used for Kubernetes installations, it is not specific to OpenShift and is not an official installation method for OpenShift clusters.
C. user-provisioned infrastructure
Correct:
User-provisioned infrastructure (UPI)is a manual installation method where users prepare and configure the infrastructure (e.g., virtual machines, load balancers, DNS) before deploying OpenShift. This method provides greater flexibility and control over the environment but requires more effort from the user.
D. kubespray
Incorrect:
Kubesprayis an open-source tool used to deploy Kubernetes clusters on various infrastructures. Likekubeadm, it is not specific to OpenShift and is not an official installation method for OpenShift clusters.
Why These Methods?
Installer-Provisioned Infrastructure (IPI):Automates the entire installation process, making it ideal for users who want a quick and hassle-free deployment.
User-Provisioned Infrastructure (UPI):Allows advanced users to customize the infrastructure and tailor the deployment to their specific needs.
JNCIA Cloud References:
The JNCIA-Cloud certification covers OpenShift installation methods as part of its curriculum on container orchestration platforms. Understanding the differences between IPI and UPI is essential for deploying OpenShift clusters effectively.
For example, Juniper Contrail integrates with OpenShift to provide advanced networking features, regardless of whether the cluster is deployed using IPI or UPI.
Click to the Exhibit button.
Referring to the exhibit, which two statements are correct? (Choose two.)
The myvSRX instance is using a default image.
The myvSRX instance is a part of a default network.
The myvSRX instance is created using a custom flavor.
The myvSRX instance is currently running.
Theopenstack server listcommand provides information about virtual machine (VM) instances in the OpenStack environment. Let’s analyze the exhibit and each statement:
Key Information from the Exhibit:
The output shows details about themyvSRXinstance:
Status: ACTIVE(indicating the instance is running).
Networks: VN-A-10.1.0.3(indicating the instance is part of a specific network).
Image: vSRX3(indicating the instance was created using a custom image).
Flavor: vSRX-Flavor(indicating the instance was created using a custom flavor).
Option Analysis:
A. The myvSRX instance is using a default image.
Incorrect:The image namevSRX3suggests that this is a custom image, not the default image provided by OpenStack.
B. The myvSRX instance is a part of a default network.
Incorrect:The network nameVN-A-10.1.0.3indicates that the instance is part of a specific network, not the default network.
C. The myvSRX instance is created using a custom flavor.
Correct:The flavor namevSRX-Flavorindicates that the instance was created using a custom flavor, which defines the CPU, RAM, and disk space properties.
D. The myvSRX instance is currently running.
Correct:TheACTIVEstatus confirms that the instance is currently running.
Why These Statements?
Custom Flavor:ThevSRX-Flavorname clearly indicates that a custom flavor was used to define the instance's resource allocation.
Running Instance:TheACTIVEstatus confirms that the instance is operational and available for use.
JNCIA Cloud References:
The JNCIA-Cloud certification emphasizes understanding OpenStack commands and outputs, including theopenstack server listcommand. Recognizing how images, flavors, and statuses are represented is essential for managing VM instances effectively.
For example, Juniper Contrail integrates with OpenStack Nova to provide advanced networking features for VMs, ensuring seamless operation based on their configurations.
Which command would you use to see which VMs are running on your KVM device?
virt-install
virsh net-list
virsh list
VBoxManage list runningvms
KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) is a popular open-source virtualization technology that allows you to run virtual machines (VMs) on Linux systems. Thevirshcommand-line tool is used to manage KVM VMs. Let’s analyze each option:
A. virt-install
Incorrect:Thevirt-installcommand is used to create and provision new virtual machines. It is not used to list running VMs.
B. virsh net-list
Incorrect:Thevirsh net-listcommand lists virtual networks configured in the KVM environment. It does not display information about running VMs.
C. virsh list
Correct:Thevirsh listcommand displays the status of virtual machines managed by the KVM hypervisor. By default, it shows only running VMs. You can use the--allflag to include stopped VMs in the output.
D. VBoxManage list runningvms
Incorrect:TheVBoxManagecommand is used with Oracle VirtualBox, not KVM. It is unrelated to KVM virtualization.
Why virsh list?
Purpose-Built for KVM: virshis the standard tool for managing KVM virtual machines, andvirsh listis specifically designed to show the status of running VMs.
Simplicity:The command is straightforward and provides the required information without additional complexity.
JNCIA Cloud References:
The JNCIA-Cloud certification emphasizes understanding virtualization technologies, including KVM. Managing virtual machines using tools likevirshis a fundamental skill for operating virtualized environments.
For example, Juniper Contrail supports integration with KVM hypervisors, enabling the deployment and management of virtualized network functions (VNFs). Proficiency with KVM tools ensures efficient management of virtualized infrastructure.
Which two consoles are provided by the OpenShift Web UI? (Choose two.)
administrator console
developer console
operational console
management console
OpenShift provides a web-based user interface (Web UI) that offers two distinct consoles tailored to different user roles. Let’s analyze each option:
A. administrator console
Correct:
Theadministrator consoleis designed for cluster administrators. It provides tools for managing cluster resources, configuring infrastructure, monitoring performance, and enforcing security policies.
B. developer console
Correct:
Thedeveloper consoleis designed for application developers. It focuses on building, deploying, and managing applications, including creating projects, defining pipelines, and monitoring application health.
C. operational console
Incorrect:
There is no "operational console" in OpenShift. This term does not correspond to any official OpenShift Web UI component.
D. management console
Incorrect:
While "management console" might sound generic, OpenShift specifically refers to the administrator console for management tasks. This term is not officially used in the OpenShift Web UI.
Why These Consoles?
Administrator Console:Provides a centralized interface for managing the cluster's infrastructure and ensuring smooth operation.
Developer Console:Empowers developers to focus on application development without needing to interact with low-level infrastructure details.
JNCIA Cloud References:
The JNCIA-Cloud certification emphasizes understanding OpenShift's Web UI and its role in cluster management and application development. Recognizing the differences between the administrator and developer consoles is essential for effective collaboration in OpenShift environments.
For example, Juniper Contrail integrates with OpenShift to provide advanced networking features, leveraging both consoles for seamless operation.
Which two statements about Kubernetes are correct? (Choose two.)
Kubernetes is compatible with the container open container runtime.
Kubernetes requires the Docker daemon to run Docker containers.
A container is the smallest unit of computing that you can manage with Kubernetes.
A Kubernetes cluster must contain at least one control plane node.
Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. Let’s analyze each statement:
A. Kubernetes is compatible with the container open container runtime.
Correct: Kubernetes supports the Open Container Initiative (OCI) runtime standards, which ensure compatibility with various container runtimes like containerd, cri-o, and others. This flexibility allows Kubernetes to work with different container engines beyond just Docker.
B. Kubernetes requires the Docker daemon to run Docker containers.
Incorrect: While Kubernetes historically used Docker as its default container runtime, it no longer depends on the Docker daemon. Instead, Kubernetes uses the Container Runtime Interface (CRI) to interact with container runtimes like containerd or cri-o. Docker’s runtime has been replaced by containerd in most modern Kubernetes deployments.
C. A container is the smallest unit of computing that you can manage with Kubernetes.
Correct: In Kubernetes, a container represents the smallest deployable unit of computing. Containers encapsulate application code, dependencies, and configurations. Kubernetesmanages containers through higher-level abstractions like Pods, which are groups of one or more containers.
D. A Kubernetes cluster must contain at least one control plane node.
Incorrect: While a Kubernetes cluster typically requires at least one control plane node to manage the cluster, this statement is incomplete. A functional Kubernetes cluster also requires at least one worker node to run application workloads. Both control plane and worker nodes are essential for a fully operational cluster.
Why These Answers?
Compatibility with OCI Runtimes: Kubernetes’ support for OCI-compliant runtimes ensures flexibility and avoids vendor lock-in.
Containers as Smallest Unit: Understanding that containers are the fundamental building blocks of Kubernetes is crucial for designing and managing applications in a Kubernetes environment.
JNCIA Cloud References:
The JNCIA-Cloud certification covers Kubernetes as part of its container orchestration curriculum. Understanding Kubernetes architecture, compatibility, and core concepts is essential for deploying and managing containerized applications in cloud environments.
For example, Juniper Contrail integrates with Kubernetes to provide advanced networking and security features for containerized workloads. Proficiency with Kubernetes ensures seamless operation of cloud-native applications.
