Pass the ISTQB ISTQB AI Testing CT-AI Questions and answers with CertsForce

Flexibility in AI systems is crucial for various reasons, particularly because it allows for easier modification and adaptation of the system as a whole.

AI systems are inherently flexible (A): This statement is not correct. While some AI systems may be designed to be flexible, they are not inherently flexible by nature. Flexibility depends on the system's design and implementation.

AI systems require changing operational environments; therefore, flexibility is required (B): While it's true that AI systems may need to operate in changing environments, this statement does not directly address the importance of flexibility for the modification of the system.

Flexible AI systems allow for easier modification of the system as a whole (C): This statement correctly describes the importance of flexibility. Being able to modify AI systems easily is critical for their maintenance, adaptation to new requirements, and improvement.

Self-learning systems are expected to deal with new situations without explicitly having to program for it (D): This statement relates to the adaptability of self-learning systems rather than their overall flexibility for modification.

Hence, the correct answer isC. Flexible AI systems allow for easier modification of the system as a whole.

The syllabus describes automation bias as:

"A type of bias caused by a person favoring the recommendations of an automated decision-making system over other sources."

This is also known as complacency bias, where testers accept automated system outputs without questioning them.

(Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Glossary, Page 89 of 99)

TheISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Syllabus v1.0explicitly categorizes different AI implementation technologies in Section1.4 – AI Technologies. Within this section, AI methods are grouped into categories, one of which is“Reasoning techniques.”These reasoning techniques includerule engines, deductive classifiers, case-based reasoning, and procedural reasoning. Because deductive classifiers are directly listed under this set of reasoning approaches, they are recognized as a reasoning-based AI technology.

Reasoning techniques differ from machine learning approaches because they rely onstructured, predefined rules or logicto reach conclusions. Deductive classifiers use logical inference and symbolic reasoning to classify inputs by applying encoded knowledge. This makes them fundamentally different from statistical or data-driven ML algorithms.

The other options—Linear regression,Random Forest, andGenetic algorithms—are listed by the syllabus asmachine learning techniques, not reasoning methods. Linear regression performs numerical prediction, Random Forest is an ensemble decision-tree ML model, and genetic algorithms are optimization-based ML approaches inspired by evolutionary processes. None of these involve symbolic logical deduction.

Thus, based on the authoritative definitions in the syllabus,Deductive classifiers (Option A)is the only technology classified as a reasoning technique.

The syllabus states:

"Concept drift occurs when the operational environment changes without the trained model changing correspondingly. The outputs of the model become less accurate and less useful. Therefore, the operational model should be regularly evaluated against its acceptance criteria."

(Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 7.6, Page 54 of 99)

The syllabus states that while pairwise testing is effective at finding defects by reducing the number of test cases needed, the resulting test suite can still be extensive and require automation:

"Even the use of pairwise testing can result in extensive test suites… automation and virtual test environments often become necessary to allow the required tests to be run."

(Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 9.2, Page 67 of 99)

The ISTQB CT-AI syllabus (Section5.2 – AI for Testing) explains that various AI approaches can support testing activities. Probabilistic methods—one of the three major AI technique groups—are used topredict system failures, especially when dealing with uncertainty, likelihood estimation, and reliability analysis. This aligns precisely with OptionB.

Option A is incorrect because regression test optimization is typically performed usingsearch-based optimization, not classification. Option C is incorrect because fuzzy logic is more suited to reasoning under vagueness, not generating test cases. Option D is incorrect: defect prediction relies on statistical learning or classification models, not computational optimization.

Thus,Option Bis the most syllabus-consistent mapping of AI techniques to testing tasks.

Section1.6.3 – Reinforcement Learningof the ISTQB CT-AI syllabus states that reinforcement learning (RL) is based on anagent interacting with an environment, performing actions, and receivingrewards or penalties. The core concept is thereward function, which guides the agent’s learning process. The syllabus emphasizes that training in RL isdriven by rewards, and the agent aims to maximize cumulative reward over time. Therefore, OptionCdirectly reflects the correct description: the agent learns by being rewarded for successful actions .

Option A is incorrect because RL doesnotuse labeled data; that applies to supervised learning. Option B contradicts the syllabus definition: RL fundamentallyrequiresinteraction with the environment. Option D is incorrect because the reward function isdefined by humans, not learned by the agent; the agent learns apolicy, not the reward function itself.

Thus, OptionCis the only statement consistent with RL as defined in the syllabus.

For AI-enabled medical devices, the most required aspects for certification are safety, transparency, and side effects. Here’s why:

Safety (Aspect III): Critical for ensuring that the AI system does not cause harm to patients.

Transparency (Aspect IV): Important for understanding and verifying the decisions made by the AI system.

Side Effects (Aspect V): Necessary to identify and mitigate any unintended consequences of the AI system.

Why Not Other Options:

Autonomy and Maintainability (Aspects I and II): While important, they are secondary to the immediate concerns of safety, transparency, and managing side effects in life-critical processes.

 Testing Autonomy:Testing for human handover when it should not be relinquishing control is the least appropriate because it contradicts the very definition of autonomous systems. The other tests are relevant to ensuring smooth operation and transitions between human and AI control.

 Reference:ISTQB_CT-AI_Syllabus_v1.0, Sections on Testing Autonomous AI-Based Systems and Testing for Human-AI Interaction​​​​. ​

 Technology Most Typically Used to Implement AI:Genetic algorithms are a well-known technique used in AI. They are inspired by the process of natural selection and are used to find approximate solutions to optimization and search problems. Unlike search engines, procedural programming, or case control structures, genetic algorithms are specifically designed for evolving solutions and are commonly employed in AI implementations.

 Reference:ISTQB_CT-AI_Syllabus_v1.0, Section 1.4 AI Technologies, which identifies different technologies used to implement AI​​.