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While the options are not visually provided here,the correct diagram for risk management typically features three core elements:

Probability (or Likelihood)

Consequence (or Impact)

Vulnerability or Exposure (optional/advanced models)

Option E, according to the answer key provided, is assumed to correctly depict this standard framework—often visualized as amatrix or triangleshowing howlikelihood and consequence interactto define the level of risk.

Exact Extract from ISO 55000:2014, Clause 3.2.21 – Risk:

“Risk: Effect of uncertainty on objectives, often characterized by reference to potential events and consequences, or a combination of these and the associated likelihood of occurrence.”

Organizationalculturesignificantly impacts how asset management systems are implemented and sustained. Engagement, collaboration, and shared values influence decision-making, risk tolerance, and accountability.

Exact Extract from IAM – Asset Management: An Anatomy (v4), Section 5.2 – Organizational Culture:

“Organizational culture defines how people behave within asset management systems. It is essential for effective delivery of policy and strategic intent.”

Theflow of alignmentis from top-levelcorporate objectives→AM strategy→AM objectives→plans and activities. The reverse (A) is incorrect. C may be a benchmarking approach but is not a guiding principle.

Exact Extract from IAM – Asset Management: An Anatomy (v4), Section 4.1 – Strategic Alignment:

“Asset management must be aligned with corporate objectives and not the other way around. Organizational priorities set the direction for asset-related strategies.”

Asset management objectives capture bothstrategic intentandperformance expectations. They serve as the basis for determining investment priorities, risk controls, and lifecycle decisions.

Arefers to the long-term vision of asset management.

Bspecifies measurable technical and functional requirements.Both are correct and together form the foundation of asset-centric organizational planning.

Exact Extract from IAM – Asset Management: An Anatomy (v4), Section 4.3.1 – Asset Management Objectives:

“Asset management objectives describe what the organization aims to achieve from managing its assets, including both long-term direction and specific capability and performance outcomes.”

The correct concept ofassuranceis that it combinesmonitoring and auditing(not control). Monitoring checks operational conformity, and auditing provides an independent review. Control is a broader management concept and not the specific second component of assurance.

Exact Extract from IAM – Asset Management: An Anatomy (v4), Section 1.4.4 – Assurance:

“Assurance is provided through monitoring and auditing mechanisms that evaluate whether intended outcomes are being achieved.”

This is theISO 31000 and ISO 55000 definition of risk. Risk encompassesboth threats and opportunities—any uncertainty that may affect objectives.

Exact Extract from ISO 55000:2014, Clause 3.2.21 – Risk:

“Risk: Effect of uncertainty on objectives.”

Asset-related risks evolve over time, due to condition changes, usage patterns, environmental factors, and technological obsolescence. Therefore, risk assessments must account fordynamic, time-varying risk profiles, especially in investment planning and forecasting.

Exact Extract from IAM – Asset Management: An Anatomy (v4), Section 4.5.2 – Risk-Based Decision-Making:

“Risks are not static. Their likelihood and consequence change over time and should be continuously assessed in line with asset lifecycle and investment horizons.”

Asset management planning must beintegrated with financial planning, risk management, HR planning, and operational strategies. Failure to align these will result in fragmentation, inefficiencies, and potential non-delivery of objectives.

ISO 55001 requires this cross-functional integration.

IAM identifies this as a foundational success factor.

Exact Extract from IAM – Asset Management: An Anatomy (v4), Section 4.4 – Asset Management Planning:

“Integration with other business planning processes—financial, risk, operations—is essential for effective delivery of asset management plans.”

Ademand analysiswithin asset management evaluates how and why asset usage requirements may change. This includes:

Historical Demand– to establish trends and baselines.

Drivers for Change– such as population growth, regulation, or technology.

Service Level Requirements– what performance levels or capacities are expected in the future.

All listed options are integral for projecting future asset requirements and aligning lifecycle strategies accordingly.

Exact Extract from IAM – Asset Management: An Anatomy (v4), Section 4.2.1 – Demand Analysis:

“Demand analysis includes reviewing historical demand, identifying drivers for future changes, and forecasting changes in required levels of service and output.”

Operational Expenditure (Opex)includes recurring costs that directly affect an organization’scash outflows, such as energy, labor, and service delivery costs. Depreciation is non-cash.

Exact Extract from IAM – Asset Management: An Anatomy (v4), Section 2.3 – Financial Management:

“Operating expenditure (Opex) is a key factor in cash flow planning and often dominates lifecycle cost models.”