Pass the ECCouncil Network Security ICS-SCADA Questions and answers with CertsForce

In ICS/SCADA systems, the typical priority hierarchy of the IT Security Model components places Availability and Integrity above Confidentiality. This prioritization is due to the critical nature of operational continuity and data accuracy in industrial control systems, where system downtime or incorrect data can lead to significantoperational disruptions or safety issues. Confidentiality, while important, is often considered of lesser priority compared to ensuring systems are operational (Availability) and data is accurate (Integrity).References:

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), "Guide to Industrial Control Systems (ICS) Security".

OSINT (Open Source Intelligence) refers to the collection and analysis of information gathered from public, freely available sources to be used in an intelligence context. In the context of hacking methodologies, OSINT can be used to identify applications and vendors employed by a target organization by analyzing publicly available data such as websites, code repositories, social media, and other internet-facing resources.References:

Michael Bazzell, "Open Source Intelligence Techniques".

In the configuration of Microsoft Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, you can define IPsec rules as part of your security policy. Typically, these rules can be organized into four main categories: Allow connection, Block connection, Allow if secure (which can specify encryption or authentication requirements), and Custom. While the interface and features can vary slightly between Windows versions, four fundamental types of rules regarding how traffic is handled are commonly supported.References:

Microsoft documentation, "Windows Firewall with Advanced Security".

Modbus TCP is a variant of the Modbus family of simple, networked protocols aimed at industrial automation applications. Unlike the original Modbus protocol, which runs over serial links, Modbus TCP runs over TCP/IP networks.

Port 502 is the standard TCP port used for Modbus TCP communications. This port is designated for Modbus messages encapsulated in a TCP/IP wrapper, facilitating communication between Modbus devices and management systems over an IP network.

Knowing the correct port number is crucial for network configuration, security settings, and troubleshooting communications within a Modbus-enabled ICS/SCADA environment.

References

Modbus Organization, "MODBUS Application Protocol Specification V1.1b3".

"Modbus TCP/IP – A Comprehensive Network protocol," by Schneider Electric.

A vulnerability that is exploited before the vendor has issued a patch or even before the vulnerability is known to the vendor is referred to as a "zero-day" vulnerability. The term "zero-day" refers to the number of days the software vendor has had to address and patch the vulnerability since it was made public—zero, in this case.References:

Symantec Security Response, "Zero Day Initiative".

IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) has two modes: Transport mode and Tunnel mode.

Tunnel mode is used to create a secure connection tunnel between two endpoints (e.g., two gateways, or a client and a gateway) and it encapsulates the entire IP packet.

This mode not only protects the payload but also the header information of the original IP packet, thereby providing a higher level of security compared to Transport mode, which only protects the payload.

References

Kent, S. and Seo, K., "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol," RFC 4301, December 2005.

"IPsec Services," Microsoft TechNet.

Enumeration is a step in the information-gathering phase of a penetration test or cyber attack where an attacker actively engages with the target to extract detailed information, including IP addressing.

Enumeration: During enumeration, the attacker interacts with network services to gather information such as user accounts, network shares, and IP addresses.

Techniques: Common techniques include using tools like Nmap, Netcat, and Nessus to scan for open ports, services, and to identify the IP addresses in use.

Purpose: The goal is to map the network's structure, find potential entry points, and understand the layout of the target environment.

Because enumeration involves discovering detailed information including IP addresses, it is the correct answer.

References

"Enumeration in Ethical Hacking," GeeksforGeeks, Enumeration.

"Network Enumeration," Wikipedia,Network Enumeration.

A Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) is capable of monitoring and validating encrypted data if it is integrated with technologies that allow it to decrypt the traffic.

Typically, network IPS can be set up with SSL/TLS decryption capabilities to inspect encrypted data as it traverses the network. This allows the IPS to analyze the content of encrypted packets and apply security policies accordingly.

Monitoring encrypted traffic is critical in detecting hidden malware, unauthorized data exfiltration, and other security threats concealed within SSL/TLS encrypted sessions.

References

"Network Security Technologies and Solutions," by Yusuf Bhaiji, Cisco Press.

"Decrypting SSL/TLS Traffic with IPS," by Palo Alto Networks.

LACNIC (Latin American and Caribbean Network Information Centre) is the regional Internet registry for Latin America and parts of the Caribbean. It manages the allocation and registration of Internet number resources (such as IP addresses and AS numbers) within this region and maintains the registry of domain owners in South America.References:

LACNIC official website, "About LACNIC".

IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) primarily operates in two modes: Transport mode and Tunnel mode.

Transport mode: Encrypts only the payload of each packet, leaving the header untouched. This mode is typically used for end-to-end communication between two systems.

Tunnel mode: Encrypts both the payload and the header of each IP packet, which is then encapsulated into a new IP packet with a new header. Tunnel mode is often used for network-to-network communications (e.g., between two gateways) or between a remote client and a gateway.

References

"Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol," RFC 4301.

"IPsec Modes of Operation," by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).