The correct answer is A. A cloud on title is an apparent claim, defect, encumbrance, or uncertainty that can cast doubt on the owner ' s title or interfere with marketability.

If identifiable parties hold or appear to hold potential interests, obtaining properly executed quitclaim deeds, releases, discharges, or other appropriate title instruments can eliminate those claims from the title chain. In more complicated cases, a quiet-title proceeding or Land Court action may be necessary.

A quitclaim instrument is especially useful where a person is not affirmatively selling the property but simply releases whatever interest that person may possess. The exact Massachusetts deed or release form required depends on the title circumstances, and this is an area in which legal counsel and title professionals should be involved.

An appraisal establishes an opinion of value, not ownership. Insurance does not itself remove a title defect, and physical maintenance obviously has no effect on legal ownership.

Study Guide Reference: Transfer of Title — Clouds on Title, Quitclaim Instruments, Marketable Title and Title Examination.