IaC stands for Infrastructure as Code, which is option B. In cloud native environments, IaC is a core operational practice: infrastructure (networks, clusters, load balancers, IAM roles, storage classes, DNS records, and more) is defined using code-like, declarative configuration rather than manual, click-driven changes. This approach mirrors Kubernetes’ own declarative model—where you define desired state in manifests and controllers reconcile the cluster to match.

IaC improves reliability and velocity because it makes infrastructure repeatable, version-controlled, reviewable, and testable. Teams can store infrastructure definitions in Git, use pull requests for change review, and run automated checks to validate formatting, policies, and safety constraints. If an environment must be recreated (disaster recovery, test environments, regional expansion), IaC enables consistent reproduction with fewer human errors.

In Kubernetes-centric workflows, IaC often covers both the base platform and the workloads layered on top. For example, provisioning might include the Kubernetes control plane, node pools, networking, and identity integration, while Kubernetes manifests (or Helm/Kustomize) define Deployments, Services, RBAC, Ingress, and storage resources. GitOps extends this further by continuously reconciling cluster configuration from a Git source of truth.

The incorrect options (Infrastructure and Code / above / across) are not standard terms. The key idea is “infrastructure treated like software”: changes are made through code commits, go through CI checks, and are rolled out in controlled ways. This aligns with cloud native goals: faster iteration, safer operations, and easier auditing. In short, IaC is the operational backbone that makes Kubernetes and cloud platforms manageable at scale, enabling consistent environments and reducing configuration drift.

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