IIC Principles and Practice of Insurance C11 Question # 28 Topic 3 Discussion
C11 Exam Topic 3 Question 28 Discussion:
Question #: 28
Topic #: 3
[Claims]
Antonio lights a firecracker and throws it to Brett. Brett tosses it to Sandra. Sandra catches it and throws it to Celina. It explodes in Celina’s hands, injuring her. Who is the immediate cause of the loss?
In determining liability, the immediate (proximate) cause refers to the most direct, unbroken cause leading to the injury. In this sequence, the firecracker explodes in Celina’s hands immediately after she receives it from Sandra. Although Antonio initiated the chain of events and Brett contributed, their actions are more remote.
The last voluntary act that directly placed the dangerous object in the position where it caused harm was Sandra’s throw to Celina. Sandra’s action is therefore the immediate cause, even though earlier individuals may share legal responsibility in a broader causation analysis.
Option D is incorrect because Celina did not cause her own injury; she merely received the firecracker.
Option C includes Antonio and Brett, but neither was the final actor in the chain.
Therefore, the immediate cause of loss is B: Sandra.
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