Authentication control is a security measure used to verify the identity of users before granting access to systems or data. Authentication methods ensure that only authorized individuals can access resources.

Why Option C (Users have to validate their identity with a smart card) is Correct:

Authentication is the process of verifying a user’s identity before granting access.

Smart card authentication is a strong authentication method because it requires a physical device (smart card) and a PIN or biometric verification.

This falls under multi-factor authentication (MFA), enhancing security by combining something the user has (smart card) with something they know (PIN).

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

Option A (Identity requests are approved in two steps):

Incorrect because this refers to identity approval (authorization), not authentication.

Option B (Logs are checked for misaligned identities and access rights):

Incorrect because log monitoring is a detective control, not an authentication control.

Option D (Functions can be performed based on access rights):

Incorrect because this describes authorization (determining what a user can do after authentication).

IIA GTAG – " Auditing Identity and Access Management " : Covers authentication methods like smart cards and multi-factor authentication.

COBIT 2019 – DSS05 (Manage Security Services): Recommends strong authentication controls, including smart card validation.

NIST Cybersecurity Framework – " Access Control Guidelines " : Highlights authentication best practices, including smart card use.

IIA References: