According to the GDPR, a data protection impact assessment (DPIA) is a process to help identify and minimize the data protection risks of a project. A DPIA is required when the processing is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, taking into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing. The GDPR provides a list of examples of processing operations that require a DPIA, such as:

Systematic and extensive evaluation of personal aspects relating to natural persons which is based on automated processing, including profiling, and on which decisions are based that produce legal effects concerning the natural person or similarly significantly affect the natural person.

Processing on a large scale of special categories of data or of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences.

Systematic monitoring of a publicly accessible area on a large scale.

Therefore, an example of a scenario where a controller is most likely required to undertake a DPIA is when personal data is being collected and combined with other personal data to profile the creditworthiness of individuals, as this involves a systematic and extensive evaluation of personal aspects based on automated processing and profiling, and may have significant effects on the individuals. The other scenarios are not necessarily indicative of a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, and do not fall under the examples of processing operations that require a DPIA provided by the GDPR. References: Free CIPP/E Study Guide, page 37; CIPP/E Certification, page 18; GDPR, Article 35, Recital 91.