The GDPR specifies fines that may be levied against data controllers for certain infringements. According to Article 83(4)(a) of the GDPR, failure to implement technical and organizational measures to ensure data protection is enshrined by design and default will be subject to administrative fines of up to 10 000 000 EUR, or in the case of an undertaking, up to 2% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher. Data protection by design and default is a principle that requires data controllers to integrate data protection considerations into every stage of the processing activities, from the conception to the execution, and to adopt appropriate measures to safeguard the rights and interests of the data subjects by default, such as minimizing the amount and retention period of personal data, pseudonymizing or encrypting personal data, ensuring transparency and accountability, and enabling data subject rights.