Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (250–350 words)

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The EC-Council CCISO program defines Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) as the comprehensive financial estimate that includes all direct and indirect costs incurred over the entire lifecycle of an asset or acquisition.

CCISO documentation stresses that CISOs must evaluate security investments beyond initial purchase costs. TCO includes acquisition, implementation, licensing, operations, maintenance, staffing, training, upgrades, downtime, and disposal costs. This holistic view enables executive leadership to make informed decisions about long-term value and sustainability.

Total Cost of Production (Option A) and Total Cost of Product (Option C) are manufacturing-oriented terms and do not reflect lifecycle cost analysis. Return on Investment (Option D) measures financial benefit relative to cost, not total expenditure.

CCISO financial governance guidance emphasizes that understanding TCO is critical for budget justification, vendor selection, and strategic planning.

Therefore, Option B is correct.