According to the ASCM CTSC Exam Content Manual, the two approaches for applying selected supply chain processes across the organization, and determining the degree to which processes are consistent across the businesses, product lines, and geographic locations are standardization and harmonization1.Standardization is defined as "the process of ensuring that all processes are executed in the same way, using the same inputs and outputs, and producing the same results"1.Harmonization is defined as "the process of ensuring that all processes are aligned and integrated across the organization, and that they support the organization’s strategy, goals, and objectives"1.Bothapproaches aim to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and agility of the supply chain, and to reduce the complexity, variability, and duplication of processes1.

1: ASCM CTSC Exam Content Manual, page 8.