Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
According to API RP 571, graphitization is a high-temperature degradation mechanism that occurs in carbon and carbon-molybdenum steels exposed for long periods at temperatures typically above 800 °F (425 °C).
In this process:
Iron carbides decompose into free graphite nodules
The steel loses strength, ductility, and pressure-retaining capability
Failures can occur without significant wall loss
Graphitization does not occur in aluminum, stainless steels, or nickel-copper alloys such as Monel.
Referenced Documents (Study Basis):
API RP 571 – Section on Graphitization
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