Regulators have authority over those who are registered/licensed under the applicable provincial/territorial statute: licensed professionals, members-in-training (where the jurisdiction registers EIT/GIT equivalents), and often non-practising/retired registrants who maintain membership status. These registrants are typically subject to codes of ethics, practice restrictions, and discipline processes even if they are not actively practising, particularly regarding title use, misrepresentation, and conduct that could bring the profession into disrepute (A, B, C). In contrast, postgraduate students are not necessarily registrants of the regulator simply by virtue of studying engineering or geoscience. Unless they hold registration (e.g., as a member-in-training or as a licensee), they are generally governed by university policies and general law rather than the professional regulator’s code of ethics and disciplinary authority. Therefore, D is the group not necessarily bound by the local regulator.