Rasheed Azari, the risk manager for the Tower health plan, is attempting to work with providers in the organization in order to reduce the providers' exposure related to utilization review. Mr. Azari is considering advising the providers to take the following actions:

1-Allow Tower's utilization management decisions to override a physician's independent medical judgment

2-Support the development of a system that can quickly render a second opinion in case of disagreement surrounding clinical judgment

3-Inform a patient of any issues that are being disputed relative to a physician's recommended treatment plan and Tower's coverage decision

Of these possible actions, the ones that are likely to reduce physicians' exposures related to utilization review include actions