Pass the Databricks ML Data Scientist Databricks-Machine-Learning-Associate Questions and answers with CertsForce

When using theHyperoptlibrary withfmin, the goal is to find the minimum of the objective function. Since you are usingcross_val_scoreto calculate the R2 score which is a measure of the proportion of the variance for a dependent variable that's explained by an independent variable(s) in a regression model, higher values are better. However,fminseeks to minimize the objective function, so to align withfmin's goal, you should return the negative of the R2 score (-r2). This way, by minimizing the negative R2,fminis effectively maximizing the R2 score, which can lead to a more accurate model.

References

Hyperopt Documentation: http://hyperopt.github.io/hyperopt/

Scikit-Learn documentation on model evaluation: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/model_evaluation.html

Using an iterator in thepandas_udfensures that the model only needs to be loaded once per executor rather than once per batch. This approach reduces the overhead associated with repeatedly loading the model during the inference process, leading to more efficient and faster predictions. The data will be distributed across multiple executors, but each executor will load the model only once, optimizing the inference process.

References:

Databricks documentation on pandas UDFs: Pandas UDFs

If the new solution requires that each of the three models computes a prediction for every record, the time efficiency during inference will be reduced. This is because the inference process now involves running multiple models instead of a single model, thereby increasing the overall computation time for each record.

In scenarios where inference must be done by multiple models for each record, the latency accumulates, making the process less time efficient compared to using a single model.

References:

Model Ensemble Techniques

Pandas API on Spark (previously known as Koalas) provides a pandas-like API on top of Apache Spark. It allows users to perform pandas operations on large datasets using Spark's distributed compute capabilities. Internally, it uses Spark DataFrames and adds metadata that facilitates handling operations in a pandas-like manner, ensuring compatibility and leveraging Spark's performance and scalability.

References

pandas API on Spark documentation:https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/python/user_guide/pandas_on_spark/index.html

To parallelize the inference of group-specific models using the Pandas Function API in PySpark, you can use theapplyInPandasfunction. This function allows you to apply a Python function on each group of a DataFrame and return a DataFrame, leveraging the power of pandas UDFs (user-defined functions) for better performance.

prediction_df = ( df.groupby("device_id") .applyInPandas(apply_model, schema=apply_return_schema) )

In this code:

groupby("device_id"): Groups the DataFrame by the "device_id" column.

applyInPandas(apply_model, schema=apply_return_schema): Applies theapply_modelfunction to each group and specifies the schema of the return DataFrame.

References:

PySpark Pandas UDFs Documentation

In Spark ML, the linear regression model expects the feature column to be a vector type. However, if thefeaturescolumn in the DataFrametrain_dfis not already in this format (such as being a column of type UDT or a non-vectorized type), the engineerneeds to convert it to a vector column using a transformer likeVectorAssembler. This is a critical step in preparing the data for modeling as Spark ML models require input features to be combined into a single vector column.

References

Spark MLlib documentation forLinearRegression:https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/ml-classification-regression.html#linear-regression

The data scientist can refactor their notebook to utilize the pandas API on Spark (now known aspandas on Spark, formerlyKoalas). This allows for the least amount of changes to the existing pandas-based code while scaling to handle big data using Spark's distributed computing capabilities.pandas on Sparkprovides a similar API to pandas, making the transition smoother and faster compared to completely rewriting the code to use PySpark DataFrame API, Scala Dataset API, or Spark SQL.References:

Databricks documentation on pandas API on Spark (formerly Koalas).

Imputing missing values with the median is often preferred over the mean in scenarios where the data contains a lot of extreme outliers. The median is a more robust measure of central tendency in such cases, as it is not as heavily influenced by outliers as the mean. Using the median ensures that the imputed values are more representative of the typical data point, thus preserving the integrity of the dataset's distribution. The other options are not specifically relevant to the question of handling outliers in numerical data.References:

Data Imputation Techniques (Dealing with Outliers).

To calculate the overall cross-validation root-mean-squared error (RMSE), you average the RMSE values obtained from each validation fold. Given the RMSE values of 10.0, 12.0, and 17.0 for the three folds, the overall cross-validation RMSE is calculated as the average of these three values:

Overall CV RMSE=10.0+12.0+17.03=39.03=13.0Overall CV RMSE=310.0+12.0+17.0​=339.0​=13.0

Thus, the correct answer is 13.0, which accurately represents the average RMSE across all folds.References:

Cross-validation in Regression (Understanding Cross-Validation Metrics).

For large datasets, Spark ML uses iterative optimization methods to distribute the training of a linear regression model. Specifically, Spark MLlib employs techniques like Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and Limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (L-BFGS) optimization to iteratively update the model parameters. These methods are well-suited for distributed computing environments because they can handle large-scale data efficiently by processing mini-batches of data and updating the model incrementally.

References:

Databricks documentation on linear regression: Linear Regression in Spark ML