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Automation refers to the configuration of a single process or a small number of related tasks to run without human intervention. Orchestration, on the other hand, involves managing multiple automated tasks to create a dynamic workflow. While automation focuses on making individual tasks more efficient, orchestration looks at the bigger picture to optimize a series of tasks that make up a process

Moving the Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) before the firewall facing the outside network is a strategic action to harden the network. This placement allows the IPS to analyze and filter incoming traffic before it reaches the firewall, providing an additional layer of security. By positioning the IPS externally, it can prevent malicious traffic from ever reaching the internal network devices, thus reducing the number of false positives generated by trusted IP addresses and internal devices1.

To comply with PCI standards for hardening systems, especially for an e-commerce website with multiple points of sale, it is essential to encrypt personal data. This includes any information that can be used to identify an individual, such as names, addresses, and credit card numbers. Encryption helps protect this data during transmission and storage, reducing the risk of unauthorized access and data breaches2.

Implementing a confirmation step in the SOAR (Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response) workflow can significantly reduce false positives and improve the accuracy of threat detection. By adding a mechanism that informs the affected user of the detected activity and asks for their confirmation, the system can distinguish between legitimate and malicious actions more effectively. This approach respects the user’s context and behavior patterns, allowing for a more nuanced response to security alerts. It also reduces the inconvenience caused to legitimate users by avoiding unnecessary account blocks or credential resets.

The other options, while potentially useful in certain contexts, do not address the immediate issue of distinguishing between false positives and actual threats as effectively as a confirmation step does. Meeting with privileged users (option A) and increasing incorrect login tries (option D) may help to some extent but do not provide an immediate verification mechanism. Changing the SOAR configuration flow (option B) could reduce automatic remediation, but it might also reduce the system’s ability to respond to actual threats promptly.

Therefore, adding a confirmation step is the most direct and effective way to improve the workflow and resolve the issues described. It enhances the precision of the SOAR system and maintains a balance between security and user convenience.

The stage of the threat kill chain indicated by the URIs of inbound web requests from known malicious Internet scanners is reconnaissance. During this stage, attackers are gathering information about the target system, looking for vulnerabilities or weak points that can be exploited. The URIs provided in the exhibit suggest attempts to discover administrative interfaces, exploit known vulnerabilities, and test for common web application weaknesses such as cross-site scripting (XSS) and SQL injection. These activities are characteristic of the reconnaissance phase, where attackers are probing and mapping out the target environment to plan their subsequent moves.

To prevent DDoS attacks while accommodating legitimate high-volume requests from trusted services, it’s advisable to implement rate limiting. This involves setting a threshold for the number of requests that can be made to an API within a certain time frame. If this limit is exceeded, access should be temporarily blocked, and a 429 HTTP error code (“Too Many Requests”) should be returned. This allows legitimate users to be throttled rather than completely cut off, preserving functionality while protecting against abuse.

In the context of REST API authentication, the process typically involves the REST client first obtaining an access token by providing the necessary credentials, which usually include a password. Once the REST client has the access token, it uses this token to request access to a specific resource on the server. The REST API then validates the provided access token to ensure it is correct and has not expired. If the token is valid, the REST API grants the client access to the requested resource. This method ensures that only authenticated clients can access resources, providing a layer of security for the API.

Idempotence is a property of certain operations in mathematics and computer science whereby they can be applied multiple times without changing the result beyond the initial application1. In the context of system operations, particularly in software deployment, an idempotent operation will produce the same result whether it is executed once or multiple times. This means that the operation can set the target environment configuration to a desired state no matter what the current state is

 One of the principles of Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is that system maintenance tasks, which were traditionally performed manually, are now automated and managed bysoftware systems567. This allows for consistent, repeatable routines for provisioning and changing systems and their configuration, with changes made to definitions and then rolled out to systems through unattended processes that include thorough validation7.