A user's home folder permissions can be reset from the Reset Password application on OS X Recovery.
What are the two primary traditional installation methods in OS X?
What's unique about the permissions of the /Users/Shared folder?
Bundles and packages are used to combine complex items into individual folders. Packages have the additional advantage of appearing as a single item in the Finder. This allows software developers to combine resources into a single item and prevents users from seeing and potentially damaging those resources through deletion or moving of files.
Client software is used to access network services provided by server software. The connection is established using a common network protocol known by both the client and server software. Thus, the client and server software can be from different sources.
Code-signed items include a digital signature that the system can use to verify the authenticity and integrity of the application or process and its resources.
What's the best source for acquiring printer drivers for OS X?
If a connected peripheral doesn't appear in System Information, the issue is likely to be hardware related. Troubleshoot accordingly.
The four default top-level folders visible in the Finder are:
Applications, containing applications all local users have access to
Library, containing system resources all local users have access to
System, containing necessary system resources
Users, containing all the local user home folders
Internet Accounts preference is the primary interface in OS X for configuring built-in network applications.