Pass the ECCouncil CEH v13 312-50v13 Questions and answers with CertsForce

Shoulder surfing is a social engineering technique that involves looking over someone’s shoulder to observe sensitive information, such as passwords, PINs, or credit card numbers, that they enter on their computer, phone, or ATM. It is the least likely method of social engineering to yield beneficial information based on the data collected by Maltego, because it requires physical proximity and access to the target’s devices, which may not be feasible or safe for the hacker. Moreover, shoulder surfing does not leverage the information obtained by Maltego, such as domains, DNS names, Netblocks, or IP addresses, which are more relevant for network-based attacks.

The other options are more likely to yield beneficial information based on the data collected by Maltego, because they involve exploiting the target’s trust, curiosity, or negligence, and using the information obtained by Maltego to craft convincing scenarios or messages. Impersonating an ISP technical support agent to trick the target into providing further network details is a form of pretexting, where the hacker creates a false identity and scenario to obtain information or access from the target. Dumpster diving in the target company’s trash bins for valuable printouts is a technique that relies on the target’s negligence or lack of proper disposal of sensitive documents, such as network diagrams, passwords, or confidential reports. Eavesdropping on internal corporate conversations to understand key topics is a technique that exploits the target’s curiosity or lack of awareness, and allows the hacker to gather information about the target’s projects, plans, or problems, which can be used for further attacks or extortion. References:

Social Engineering: Definition & 5 Attack Types

How to Use Maltego Transforms to Map Network Infrastructure: An In-Depth Guide

Social engineering: Definition, examples, and techniques

Zero Trust Networks The Zero Trust model is a security implementation that by default assumes every user trying to access the network is not a trusted entity and verifies every incoming connection before allowing access to the network.It strictly follows the principle, “Trust no one and validate before providing a cloud service or granting access permission.”It also allows companies to impose conditions, such as allowing employees to only access the appropriate resources required for their work role. (P.2997/2981)

Zero Trust is a strategic initiative that helps prevent successful data breaches by eliminating the concept of trust from an organization’s network architecture. Rooted in the principle of “never trust, always verify,” Zero Trust is designed to protect modern digital environments by leveraging network segmentation, preventing lateral movement, providing Layer 7 threat prevention, and simplifying granular user-access control.

Mar 1, 2016, 7:33:28 AM 10.240.250.23 - 54373 10.249.253.15 - 22 tcp_ip

Let's just disassemble this entry.

Mar 1, 2016, 7:33:28 AM - time of the request

10.240.250.23 - 54373 - client's IP and port

10.249.253.15 - server IP

- 22 - SSH port

A Kerberoasting attack is a technique that exploits the Kerberos authentication protocol to obtain the password hash of a service account that has a Service Principal Name (SPN). An attacker can request a service ticket (TGS) for the SPN using a valid user’s ticket (TGT) and then attempt to crack the password hash offline. To prevent the attacker from using the TGS to access the service, the system administrator should invalidate the TGS as soon as possible. This can be done by changing the password of the service account, which will generate a new password hash and render the old TGS useless. Alternatively, the system administrator can use tools like Mimikatz to purge the TGS from the memory of the domain controller or the client system. Performing a system reboot, deleting the compromised user’s account, or changing the NTLM password hash used to encrypt the ST are not effective ways to invalidate the TGS, as they do not affect the encryption of the TGS or the validity of the TGT. References:

EC-Council CEHv12 Courseware Module 11: Hacking Webservers, page 11-24

What is a Kerberoasting Attack? – CrowdStrike

How to Perform Kerberoasting Attacks: The Ultimate Guide - StationX

Comprehensive Explanation from CEH v13 Courseware:

CEH v13 explains that TOCTOU (Time-of-Check Time-of-Use) vulnerabilities arise when a system checks a condition (such as file permissions) and then later uses the resource based on that assumption. If there is even a tiny gap between the validation and the actual use, attackers can exploit this race condition by replacing or modifying the resource after validation but before execution. This is common in file-handling operations involving temporary files, symbolic links, or shared directories. CEH emphasizes that TOCTOU attacks often lead to privilege escalation, unauthorized execution, or tampering with data because the system trusts the earlier validation step. The attacker swaps the file at precisely the right moment, taking advantage of a race window. The other options—certificate validation, integer overflow, and null pointer dereference—do not involve timing-based race conditions. The scenario exactly matches CEH’s description of TOCTOU exploitation, where attackers manipulate file access in the interval between validation and execution.

Docker uses a client-server design. The docker client talks to the docker daemon, that will the work of building, running, and distributing your docker containers. The docker client and daemon will run on the same system, otherwise you will connect a docker consumer to a remote docker daemon. The docker consumer and daemon communicate using a REST API, over OS sockets or a network interface.

The docker daemon (dockerd) listens for docker API requests and manages docker objects like pictures, containers, networks, and volumes. A daemon may communicate with other daemons to manage docker services.

In CEH v13 Module 14: Cryptography, IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) is defined as a framework used to establish secure communication channels over IP networks, particularly in VPNs.

IPSec supports encryption, authentication, and integrity.

Operates in Tunnel Mode (VPNs) or Transport Mode (End-to-End).

Core protocols: AH (Authentication Header) and ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload).

Option Analysis:

A. PEM: Privacy Enhanced Mail (email encryption).

B. PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol (data link layer, not encryption).

C. IPSEC: VPN encryption protocol.

D. SET: Secure Electronic Transaction (used in payment systems, obsolete).

Network Access Control (NAC) solutions often authenticate only the first device connected to a port. CEH explains that attackers can insert a rogue device behind an already authenticated host, bypassing NAC checks. This creates a transparent bridge that forwards legitimate traffic while injecting attacker-controlled communications.

The TCP three-way handshake is the foundational mechanism used to establish a reliable connection between two devices. The sequence is as follows:

The client sends a SYN (synchronize) packet to the server to initiate the connection.

The server replies with a SYN-ACK (synchronize-acknowledge) packet.

The client sends an ACK (acknowledge) packet back to the server.

Therefore, the connection starts with a SYN packet from the client.

JXplorer could be a cross platform LDAP browser and editor. it’s a standards compliant general purpose LDAP client which will be used to search, scan and edit any commonplace LDAP directory, or any directory service with an LDAP or DSML interface.

It is extremely flexible and can be extended and custom in a very number of the way. JXplorer is written in java, and also the source code and source code build system ar obtainable via svn or as a packaged build for users who wish to experiment or any develop the program.

JX is is available in 2 versions; the free open source version under an OSI Apache two style licence, or within the JXWorkBench Enterprise bundle with inbuilt reporting, administrative and security tools.

JX has been through a number of different versions since its creation in 1999; the foremost recent stable release is version 3.3.1, the August 2013 release.

JXplorer could be a absolutely useful LDAP consumer with advanced security integration and support for the harder and obscure elements of the LDAP protocol. it’s been tested on Windows, Solaris, linux and OSX, packages are obtainable for HPUX, AIX, BSD and it should run on any java supporting OS.

CEH v13 defines a penetration tester as an authorized security professional whose responsibility is to identify, exploit, and report vulnerabilities within an organization’s systems, networks, applications, and processes. Unlike malicious hackers, penetration testers operate strictly within legal boundaries, under documented Rules of Engagement (RoE), and with explicit written permission from the organization. Their goal is not to harm systems but to simulate real-world cyberattacks to help organizations strengthen their defenses. CEH emphasizes the ethical responsibilities of penetration testers, including maintaining confidentiality, avoiding unauthorized data exposure, ensuring minimal operational impact, and providing actionable recommendations. Options B, C, and D describe malicious actors, malware authors, or unauthorized attackers—roles opposite to that of an ethical penetration tester. CEH makes a strong distinction between white-hat ethical hackers and black-hat attackers, with penetration testers firmly falling under the ethical, lawful category. Therefore, Option A accurately reflects CEH’s definition of a penetration tester.

CEH categorizes spear phishing as a highly targeted, research-driven social engineering technique that tailors the message to the victim’s role, responsibilities, and current organizational activities. When attackers reference specific internal projects, personnel names, vendor relationships, or operational details, the message appears authentic and bypasses normal suspicion. Executives are especially vulnerable because they routinely receive sensitive operational updates and work closely with vendors and partners, making them prime targets for tailored deception. CEH stresses that spear phishing is significantly more effective than generic phishing because personalization increases trust. Social media-based attempts and mass phishing lack specificity and raise suspicion. Impersonating the CEO over the phone is riskier and more detectable due to real-time human interaction. A targeted spear-phishing email referencing internal projects best aligns with CEH-described advanced social engineering strategy.

The network is using an uncrackable encryption method, which makes it difficult to crack the Wi-Fi password. WPA2 Personal with AES encryption is the strongest form of security offered by Wi-Fi devices at the moment, and it should be used for all purposes. AES stands for Advanced Encryption Standard, and it is a symmetric-key algorithm that uses a 128-bit, 192-bit, or 256-bit key to encrypt and decrypt data. AES is considered to be uncrackable by brute force attacks, as it would take an impractical amount of time and computational power to try all possible key combinations12. Therefore, unless you have access to the Wi-Fi password or the encryption key, you will not be able to decrypt the network traffic and crack the password.

The other options are not correct for the following reasons:

A. The Wi-Fi password is too complex and long: This option is not relevant because the Wi-Fi password is not directly used to encrypt the network traffic. Instead, the password is used to generate a Pre-Shared Key (PSK), which is then used to derive a Pairwise Master Key (PMK), which is then used to derive a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK), which is then used to encrypt the data. Therefore, the complexity and length of the password do not affect the encryption strength, as long as the password is not easily guessed or leaked34.

B. Your hacking tool is outdated: This option is not plausible because even if your hacking tool is outdated, it would not affect your ability to capture the network traffic and attempt to crack the password. The hacking tool may not support the latest Wi-Fi standards or protocols, but it should still be able to capture the raw data packets and save them in a file. The cracking process would depend on the encryption algorithm and the key, not on the hacking tool.

D. The network is using MAC address filtering: This option is not feasible because MAC address filtering is a technique that restricts network access and communication to trusted devices based on their MAC addresses, which are unique identifiers assigned to network interfaces. MAC address filtering can prevent unauthorized devices from joining the network, but it cannot prevent authorized devices from capturing the network traffic. Moreover, MAC address filtering can be easily bypassed by spoofing the MAC address of an allowed device56.

Increase your web site’s performance and grow! Add Web-Stat to your site (it’s free!) and watch individuals act together with your pages in real time.

Learn how individuals realize your web site. Get details concerning every visitor’s path through your web site and track pages that flip browsers into consumers.

One-click install. observe locations, in operation systems, browsers and screen sizes and obtain alerts for new guests and conversions

In CEH v13 Module 02: Footprinting and Reconnaissance, Google advanced operators are tools for passive information gathering.

related: operator is used to find websites similar to a given domain or webpage.

This helps attackers discover alternate domains, competitors, or similar content that may be vulnerable or poorly secured.

Example:

related:example.com

Will return a list of sites Google deems related to example.com.

Option Clarification:

A. inurl: – Searches for a keyword in the URL.

B. related: – Correct – Finds similar or related websites.

C. info: – Provides Google’s cached and indexed data about a URL.

D. site: – Restricts search to a specific domain or site.