Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Determining the mathematical operations (e.g., addition, subtraction, multiplication) for a calculator program involves defining what the program should do (requirements) and planning how to achieve it (technical specifications). According to foundational programming principles, this spans the analysis and design phases in the Waterfall methodology.

Waterfall Phases Analysis:

Analysis: The developer identifies the requirements, such as which operations the calculator must support (e.g., “must perform addition, subtraction, etc.”).

Design: The developer specifies how these operations will be implemented (e.g., defining functions like add(), subtract(), or their algorithms).

Implementation: Codes the operations.

Testing: Verifies the operations work correctly.

Option A: "Analysis and design." This is correct. Analysis determines the operations needed (requirements), and design outlines their technical specifications (e.g., function signatures or algorithms).

Option B: "Design and implementation." This is incorrect. Implementation involves coding the operations, not determining which operations are needed.

Option C: "Implementation and testing." This is incorrect. These phases occur after the operations are determined, focusing on coding and verification.

Option D: "Design and testing." This is incorrect. Testing verifies the implemented operations, not their determination.

Certiport Scripting and Programming Foundations Study Guide (Section on Waterfall Phases).

Sommerville, I., Software Engineering, 10th Edition (Chapter 2: Waterfall Model).

Pressman, R.S., Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 8th Edition (Waterfall Analysis and Design).