At the end (termination) of counseling, the key research and evaluation task is to determine what changed as a result of the counseling process. This is called outcome evaluation. It looks at whether client goals were met, symptoms decreased, or functioning improved.
Needs assessment (A) is done before services begin to determine what services or programs are needed.
Formative evaluation (B) focuses on ongoing feedback during the counseling or program to improve it while it is happening.
Program development (D) is planning or revising services, typically done before or between implementation phases.
NBCC-related work behaviors emphasize that counselors should be able to evaluate the effectiveness of their services and use that information ethically to improve practice. That is exactly what outcome evaluation does at termination.
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