The HRPA Human Resources Competency Framework (Functional Domain: Reporting and Financial Management) includes knowledge of HR technology infrastructure and data systems that support HR decision-making and compliance. Understanding system architecture is essential for HR professionals involved in selecting or managing HR Information Systems (HRIS).

Key architectural models include:

Single-Tier Architecture

All functions (user interface, application logic, and data storage) are contained in a single system (often a standalone personal computer).

Not scalable or efficient for enterprise HR operations.

Client-Server (Two-Tier) Architecture

Divides processing between client (user interface) and server (database management).

Some business logic may exist on the client side, limiting performance scalability.

Extract:

“Two-tier client-server architectures distribute processing between client and server but maintain application logic on the client side.”

(HRPA Framework – Reporting and Financial Management, Technology and Data Management Knowledge Area)

Three-Tier Architecture

Separates the system into three layers:

Presentation layer – user interface

Application layer – business logic or processing

Data layer – database or storage

This design enhances scalability, security, and performance, and is foundational to modern HRIS systems.

Extract:

“Three-tier architecture separates user interface, business logic, and data storage layers, enabling efficient and secure HR information management.”

(HRPA Competency Framework – Reporting and Financial Management, CHRP Level)

Cloud Computing

Involves delivering HR applications over the internet (Software-as-a-Service), reducing upfront infrastructure costs.

Extract:

“Cloud-based HRIS solutions minimize capital investment and allow scalable, on-demand access.”

(HRPA Framework – HR Technology and Analytics Knowledge Area)

Therefore, A. Three-tier architecture separates the user interface, application processing, and data storage into distinct layers is the correct and technically accurate answer per HRPA’s competency framework and study guidance.

Verified Reference Summary (HRPA Frameworks and Study Materials):

HRPA Human Resources Competency Framework – Functional Domain: Reporting and Financial Management

CHRP Knowledge Exam Blueprint (HRPA, Ontario)

HRPA Exam Preparation Guide – HR Information Systems Section

HRPA Professional Competency Descriptions – CHRP Level, Technology and Analytics