Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Checking the hash value (such as MD5, SHA-1, or SHA-256) is the best way to verify file integrity after downloading. A hash function generates a unique string for a file. If even a single bit in the file is changed, the hash value will be different. Many software vendors provide hash values (checksums) on their websites to help users confirm that the files were downloaded without corruption or tampering.

A. Clear browsing data – Incorrect. Clearing browsing data does not affect downloaded files or their integrity.

B. Install SSL certificates – Incorrect. SSL certificates encrypt data transmission but do not verify the integrity of downloaded files.

D. Use trusted sources – While downloading files from trusted sources reduces the risk of corruption, it does not verify file integrity.