The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on December 11, 1997, at COP3 in Kyoto, Japan, under the UNFCCC. It set binding emission reduction targets for developed countries, effective from 2005. The CIPS L3M6 module positions it as a precursor to the Paris Agreement, influencing environmental procurement by introducing carbon trading and reduction commitments. Unlike 1992 (UNFCCC framework), 2005 (entry into force), or 2015 (Paris), 1997 is the signing year, critical to LO2’s historical context of climate action.